Atoms, Elements and Compounds-8th Grade

- 8th grade

Atoms, Elements and Compoundsunfinished


Skills and Objectives

•1. Cite evidence to support the fact that all matter is made up of atoms, which are far too  small to see directly through a microscope.

•   a. Provide evidence from the Periodic Table that elements have the similar                 properties: metals

•                                                non-metals

•                                                non-reactive

   b. Explain that all living and non-living things can be broken down to set of known elements

•

 

•2.   Provide evidence to explain how compounds are produced (no electron transfer)

•  a. Describe how elements form compounds and molecules

•   b. Compare properties of compounds to   

•    determine which elements they are   

     made from.

•

 

•2.   Provide evidence to explain how compounds are produced (no electron transfer)

•  a. Describe how elements form compounds and molecules

•   b. Compare properties of compounds to   

•    determine which elements they are   

     made from.

1)

     ATOMS
We know there are many different kinds of atoms. Some matter is made up of only one kind of atom. A piece of iron is made of only one kind of atom. Gold is only one kind of atom. If all the atoms are the same kind, we say that piece of matter is an element. An element is made of only one kind of atom. All the atoms of an element are the same.      Other matter is made of more than one kind of atom. Two different kinds of atoms join together to make water. Two different kinds of atoms join together to make the salt you put on your French fries.      Water and salt are very different. They are both matter. They both have mass. They both take up space. They are both made of atoms. They are different because they are made of different kinds of atoms.

Assignment=  Complete This Graphic Organizerfrom the reading about Mendeleev

•                  __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                                        Main Idea

•Detail  #1= ___________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

•Detail #2=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________
Detail#3=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________
Detail#4=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

Writing Assignment

•Atoms

•How do we know that something we can't see (like air) is matter?

Write a paragraph and explain.

•

Writing Assignment

 What is an "Atom"? 

Explain in 2-4 sentences

•

Cloze Assignment

•Atoms        ByCindyGrigg                      

• WORD BANK

Gold measured around even material matter instance another group mass measure than whole holding Able other

•

Directions:  Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.

 Look (1)  _______________________   you; what do you see? Everything- and I do mean everything- you see is made up of matter. Matter is the "stuff" that makes up everything. Matter is anything that has (2)  _______________________   and takes up space.     Mass is the measure of how much (3)  _______________________   makes up the object. Mass is (4)  _______________________   in grams. A nickel has the mass of about one gram. Mass is related to how much something weighs. But mass and weight are not the same things.

Matter has volume. This is just (5)  _______________________   way of saying that matter takes up space. Volume is a (6)  _______________________   of how much space something takes up. Volume is measured in liters.     (7)  _______________________   some things you can't see are matter. Air is matter. You can't see air, but you can see things that air moves. Blow on a piece of paper. Watch a tree outside. You will see the paper move and will probably be (8)  _______________________   to see the leaves blowing on the tree. Moving air caused them to move. You can even touch air. Blow up a balloon. Poke the balloon with your finger. You can feel that something is inside the balloon.

Things like dreams or ideas are not matter. They are not made of any "stuff." They do not take up space. You can't touch an idea or a dream.     Collect a (9)  _______________________   of objects that seem to have nothing in common. For (10)  _______________________  , let's say you have a nail, an orange, and a dog. These things don't seem to have anything in common, do they? The dog is alive. The nail and the orange are not alive. The nail is made of metal. The orange came from a tree. They have different colors, sizes, and shapes. But there is one thing that they do have in common: they are made up of atoms.

All matter is made up of atoms. Atoms are too small to see. Atoms are small particles that make up all (11)  _______________________  . Two or more atoms can join together. They make larger particles of matter. Two atoms are still too small to be seen. But many of these larger particles can join together to make the matter you see.

  Think about (12)  _______________________   a tiny piece of sand in your hand. If you drop the piece of sand on the kitchen floor, it is very hard to find it again. Now think about dropping a (13)  _______________________   bucket of sand on the kitchen floor. It would make a large pile of sand. But don't really do that because your mom would not be happy! One piece of sand is like one atom. The bucket of sand is like a group of atoms joined together to make one large piece of matter.
 

We know there are many different kinds of atoms. Some matter is made up of only one kind of atom. A piece of iron is made of only one kind of atom. (14)  _______________________   is only one kind of atom. If all the atoms are the same kind, we say that piece of matter is an element. An element is made of only one kind of atom. All the atoms of an element are the same.     (15)  _______________________   matter is made of more (16)  _______________________   one kind of atom. Two different kinds of atoms join together to make water. Two different kinds of atoms join together to make the salt you put on your French fries.

The History of the Periodic Table

You are now ready to begin your Periodic Adventure. First, you must begin by reviewing some historical information regarding a man named Dmitri Mendeleev, who created the first Periodic Table of the Elements. Once you have finished reading the information on this page regarding Mendeleev's life and work, follow the link at the bottom of the page. This link will take you to a creative writing assignment regarding Mendeleev's life and career

Dmitri Mendeleev
Mendeleev, a Russian scientist born in Tobolsk, Siberia in 1834 Dmitri, is known as the father of the periodic table of the elements.

The periodic table of the elements is an important tool used by students and chemists around the world to help them understand and simplify the often complex world of chemical reactions

Not only did Mendeleev arrange the periodic table of the elements, he also wrote and published a 2 volume chemistry book entitled Principles of Chemistry as there was no thorough chemistry textbook at the time

•

Assignment= Complete This Graphic Organizerfrom the reading about Mendeleev

•                  __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                                        Main Idea

•Detail#1=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

•Detail#2=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________ Detail#3=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________ Detail#4=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

The Big Task

Mendeleev set out to identify a pattern in the elements. Mendeleev looked at many pieces of evidence and made an important observation that some elements have similar chemical and physical properties. Mendeleev's hunch was that these similarities were the key to unlocking the hidden pattern of the elements. Mendeleev then embarked on the tedious task of organizing all known information for every element to help him decipher the pattern.

To begin his task, Mendeleev wrote facts about the elements on individual paper cards. On these cards, Mendeleev wrote information such as the elements' melting points, densities, colors, atomic masses (the average mass of one atom of that element), and bonding powers (the number of chemical bonds an element can form).

Assignment=Complete This Graphic Organizerfrom the reading about Mendeleev

•                  __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                                        Main Idea

•Detail#1=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

•Detail#2=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________
Detail#3=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________
Detail#4=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

Once Mendeleev's cards were made, he tried arranging them in various ways. Finally, Mendeleev noticed that patterns appeared when the elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic mass. One of the trends that he noticed showed that the bonding power of the elements from lithium to fluorine change in an orderly way.

•For example, after fluorine, the next heaviest element Mendeleev knew was sodium, which has the same bonding power as lithium. Using this knowledge, Mendeleev placed the card for sodium below the card for lithium. This worked well -- as he laid out cards, each element had properties similar to the elements above and below it.

Assignment=Summarize (make a long story into a short story) about Mendeleev's system of elements.

(put your answers in your journal)

Mendeleev's table was not perfect, however. Arranging the elements by increasing atomic mass left three blank spaces in the table. Despite this development, however, Mendeleev boldly proposed that these blank spaces would be filled by elements that had not yet been discovered. Mendeleev was even able to use the patterns in his table to predict the properties of these undiscovered elements. This first periodic table of the elements was published in 1869.

The word "periodic" means that there is a repeating pattern -- that is, the properties of the elements repeat with each row -- or period -- of the table.

 

Complete This Graphic organizer about Mendeleev and his success 

 Organizer  from the reading about the Creation  of the Periodic Table

•                       _

The Chemical Elements

Elements are the building blocks of nature. Water, for example, is a compound composed of two ingredients: hydrogen and oxygen elements. Each element is a pure substance that cannot be split up into any simpler pure substance.
The smallest particle of an element that can exist is an atom. An atom is made up of subatomic particles. The most important of these are protons, which have positive electrical charges; electrons, which have negative electrical charges; and neutrons, which are electrically neutral.
The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in one atom of the element. Each element has a different atomic number. For example, the atomic numbers of hydrogen and oxygen are 1 and 8, respectively.
Elements with atomic numbers 1 (hydrogen) to 92 (uranium) occur naturally on Earth. Those with atomic numbers 93 (neptunium) or greater are artificial. They have to be synthesized, or created by combining two or more elements with lower atomic numbers. Element 100 is named fermium. Elements with atomic numbers 101 and onwards are known as the transfermium elements. They are also known as heavy elements because their atoms have very large masses compared with atoms of hydrogen, the lightest of all elements.
The heaviest element synthesized to date is element 112. One atom of this element was synthesized by scientists at the Heavy-Ion Research Center (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung [GSI]) in Darmstadt, Germany, in February 1996. It was made by bombarding the element lead (atomic number 82) with a high-energy beam of atoms of the element zinc (atomic number 30). The atom existed for a fraction of a second before splitting up. Elements 110 and 111 were discovered by the same group of scientists in 1994.
Names for the six new “heavy” elements were approved on August 31, 1997, by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in Geneva. Elements 110, 111, and 112 have not yet been named.

Atoms PRETEST

•Name _____________________________ Date ___________________ PRETEST--    Atoms

•1.  What is matter?  a)A measure of how much space something takes up      b)The measure of how much material makes up the object       c)  Anything that has mass and takes up space

•2.  Atoms are:  a) Small particles that make up all matter  b)Too small to see  c)Both A and B

•3.  An element is:  Made of only one kind of atom  Not made of atoms  Made of different kinds of atoms

•4.  Air is:  Atoms  Matter  Mass

•5.  Dreams and ideas are:  Matter  Atoms  Not matter

•

•7.  All matter is made of:  Mass  Elements  Atoms8.  

•

INSIDE OF AN ATOM

•Inside an Atom

•In the early 1900s, scientists began to identify the particles that make up atoms (subatomic particles). These new discoveries would require changes to be made to Mendeleev's periodic table. Below is a picture of the basic parts of the atom.Every atom has a core called a nucleus, where the majority (99.9%, to be exact) of an atom's mass is held. Although the nucleus contains the majority of the mass of the atom, the nucleus is very small compared to the size of the whole atom, because most of the atom is empty space surrounding the nucleus. Within the nucleus are two types of smaller particles called protons and neutrons. The third type of particle that makes up the atom, electrons, orbit around the nucleus.Let's look at each particle in further detail:Protons:Protons are positively charged particles found inside the nucleus of an atom. Every atom of a particular element contains the same number of protons.

•

Assignment= Please copy into your journal and  complete this graphic organizer  about the subatomic particles in atoms.

                   __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                                        Main Idea

•Detail #1=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

•Detail #2=______________________________________________

•Detail#3=______________________________________________

•_Detail#4=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

In fact, the number of protons is unique to each element. Each element has a unique atomic number, or a unique number of protons in its nucleus. Proton number never changes for any given element. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8. That tells us that oxygen always has 8 protons.Neutrons:Neutrons are the other particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Unlike protons and electrons, however, neutrons carry no electrical charge. Therefore, neutrons are "neutral." Atoms of a given element do not always contain the same number of neutrons.

Assignment= Please copy into your journal and  complete this graphic organizer  about the atomic number and neutrons  in atoms.

                   __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                                        Main Idea

•Detail #1=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

•Detail #2=______________________________________________

•_Detail#3=______________________________________________

•__Detail#4=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

•Atoms of an element that have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus are called isotopes of each other.Electrons:Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit around the outside of the nucleus. The mass of an electron is about 1/2000th of the mass of a proton or a neutron.

•The sharing or exchange of electrons between atoms forms chemical bonds, which is how new molecules and compounds are  formed.

    Atomic Number:    An atom's atomic number tells you how many protons are in that atom's nucleus. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning that there are 8 protons in the nucleus of an atom of oxygen.

The Atomic  Number of Sulfur is 16.   This means that it has 16 protons in the nucleus.

•Copper's atomic number is 29, meaning that there are 29 protons in the nucleus of an atom of copper. Later, you'll see how the periodic table conveniently tells you each element's atomic number.

•

http://www.sciencegeek.net/tables/jlab_colortableofelements.pdf

Atomic Mass:Because atoms are so small, their masses cannot be measured in grams or milligrams. Instead, scientists have created

the atomic mass unit (amu) to measure mass of subatomic particles. The mass of a proton or a neutron is about 1 amu. The mass of an electron, however, is about 1/2000 amu.   ELECTRONS ARE MUCH SMALLER THAN PROTONS OR NEUTRONS  !

To find the atomic mass of an atom, add the protons, 8 neutrons, and 10 electrons.Answer: 18 amu. protons and neutrons. Just add the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

EXAMPLE: If an atom has 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons, the atomic mass is 7 amu, because you do not count the very small mass of the atom's electrons (1/2000 amu). Only add the number of protons and neutrons (each has a mass of 1 amu) in the nucleus.

Question: Find the atomic mass of an atom that has 10

Subatomic Particle of the element “Helium (include picture)

  

What Element is it? (include picture)

  

Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles electrons  , protons   and neutrons 

These particles have different properties.     Electrons are tiny, very light particles that have a negative electrical

charge(-) .          Protons are much larger and heavier than electrons and have the opposite charge, protons have a positive charge.                       Neutrons are large and heavy like protons, however neutrons have no electrical charge.      Each atom is made up of a combination of these particles.  Let's look at one type of atom:

 8. From reading paragraph 9, we could infer (guess) that _____ and ______ are two elements.

6.  Water and salt are different because:

PRETEST   The Periodic Table

•1.  The periodic table is
  A chart
  A piece of furniture
  An element
  A book

•2.  Today's periodic table was invented by
  Ancient Greeks
  Dr. Stowe
  Bill Nye
  Dmitri Mendeleev

•3.  Which of the following describes the modern periodic table?
  A chart made of rows and columns
  A chart made of zigzag lines
  A triangle
  A square

•4.  Radon and helium are nonmetals. They would be on the _____ of the periodic table.
  Bottom
  Left side
  Top

5.  Iron and copper would be on the _____ of the periodic table.              Right side  Left side  Bottom  Top

6.  Today's periodic table is much like the one Mendeleev drew in 1869. It has not changed much because  No new elements have been discovered  All of the new elements are just added on at the end of the table  Mendeleev left spaces for the elements that had not been discovered yet  Mendeleev made a lucky guess

7.  How do you think Mendeleev knew where to leave the spaces for undiscovered elements?

8.  Look at a periodic table. Name the element that has an atomic number of 47.

People have always tried to organize things. Organizing things helps us to understand them and to see how different things are related. Maybe you have noticed your little brother or sister grouping toys or blocks by their color or size. Ancient people had their own ways of organizing things. The ancient Greeks suggested that everything in the world could be organized into four groups -- earth, wind, fire, and water. Today, scientists generally organize the world into two main groups, matter and energy. These main groups are then organized some more into smaller groups.

Assignment=Please complete this graphic organizer from the reading above

Assignment=Please complete this graphic organizer from the reading above

Assignment= Please copy these questions in your journal and answer them there

Assignment= Please copy these questions in your journal and answer them there

Assignment= Please copy these questions in your journal and answer them there

SCIENCE MATTERS:
ATOMS AND MOLECULES

An elementary science teaching lesson on atoms and molecules. Includes printable teaching lesson worksheet.

Learning Objectives:

• Students will learn that matter is made of atoms.
• Students will learn that an atom is made of protons, neutrons and electrons, the charge of each particle, and how they are arranged to make up an atom.
• Students will learn the definition of a molecule, an element and a compound and will be able to point out the differences between the three.
• Students will learn that a chemical bond happens when two atoms share electrons.
• Students will be introduced to the Periodic Table of the Elements.

What is an element? _____________________________________ 

What is an atom? _________________________________________________________ ___

What is the Periodic Table of Elements? __________________________________________

What is a group i

What does the word “reactive”  mean? ___________________________________ _

What are the characteristics of Group #1 ? ________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

What are the characteristics in Group #2?   _______________________________

____________________________________________________________ __

What is one of the most common rocks found in the Earth’s mantle? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

How are the elements on the far right side of the table similar? ________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

What are “noble gases”? _______________________________________

____________________________________________________________

What is inside the nucleus? ______________________________________

a)     proton

b)     electron

c)     neutron

d)    a + c

                 __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                                        Main Idea

•Detail#1=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

•Detail#2=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________ 

Detail#3=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

 Detail#4=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

Detail#5=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________ 

Detail#6=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

  

                 __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                   __________________________________________

•                                        Main Idea

•Detail#1=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

•Detail#2=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________ 

Detail#3=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________ 

Detail#4=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

Detail#5=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________ 

Detail#6=______________________________________________

•_______________________________________________________

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS LESSON PLAN

Lesson Materials

• Elements Literature
• Manila Poster Paper
• Chemical Elements Graphic Organizer printable
• Poster and Presentation Rubric printable
• Glue
• Pencils
• Markers
• Black Pens

Assessment questions for the Unit-

to be answered in your journal

1) What   is an ATOM?

2)What are the 3 fundamental subatomic particles?

3) What property(ies) can be used to identify an atom?

•4) How  can matter be classified? 

•5) What is an element?

•6) What is a compound composed of?

•7) How are compounds and molecules formed ?

•8) What is a Periodic Table?

•9) How are elements arranged/organized in the modern Periodic Table?

•10) How are elements classified in the modern Periodic Table?

Table of Contents #3

11) Looking at the Periodic Table, how would you know which elements have the same characteristic properties?

12) What is the difference between a metal and a nonmetal?

13) What are “metalloids”?

14) What are “Noble Gases”?

15) Why are elements called the building blocks of matter?

16) Could 2 elements have the same atomic number or mass number? 

Explain your answer in a paragraph.

17) Where are protons, neutrons and electrons found in an atom?

18) What do elements that are in the same group have in common?

19) How do elements combine to form a compound?

20) What is a chemical reaction?

21) What is the Modern  Periodic Law?

                                  BCR

 Directions=Write this in your journal.    Fully articulate and explain about the Periodic Table of Elements. 

Tell about who started it, why it was started, and how it is set up (groups etc) _____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________