Saturday, August 6, 2011

6th Grade- Unit#2 Materials and Processes and











Materials and Processes That Shape A Planet - 6th Grade


Objectives and Indicators for this Unit









2.6.A. Materials and Processes That Shape A Planet
  2. Cite evidence to demonstrate and explain that physical weathering and chemical weathering cause changes to
Earth materials.
      a. Identify examples of physical weathering, such as the effect of wind, ice, etc. and describe the changes caused in each.
      b. Describe the changes in materials caused by each of the chemical weathering processes listed:
           Rusting/tarnishing                    Dissolving by acid rain
c. Compare physical and chemical weathering and provide examples of changes caused in Earth materials or features by each of these processes.
  4. Differentiate among sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks based upon the processes by which they are formed.
      a. Identify and describe the processes that form sedimentary rock.
           Deposition                              Compaction                             Cementation
      b. Identify and describe the processes that form igneous rocks
           Volcanic eruptions                                      Igneous intrusions
      c. Identify and describe the processes that form metamorphic rocks.
           High temperature                                       Pressure
d. Cite features that can be used as evidence to distinguish among the three types of rocks and relate these features to the processes that form each rock type.
      e. Describe the processes that change one form of rock into another (rock cycle).


FIRST LARGE ASSIGNMENT

Vocabulary words to look up and put in journal








Weathering


Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Tarnishing
Rust
Igneous rock
Extrusive
Intrusive
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock
Erosion
Deposition
Compaction
Cementation
Sediment
Silica
Temperature
Pressure
Rock Cycle



















































ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this activity into your journal and complete it there.
















PRETEST -Two Kinds of Weathering


1.
What is weathering?
  Changes on Earth have been the same throughout time
  The breaking down of Earth's solid surface
  Rain, snow, sun, and storms
  Changes in temperature because of weather
2.
What are two kinds of weathering?











3.
Which kind of weathering may produce rust?
  Mechanical weathering
  Chemical weathering
4.
What is the principle of uniformity?











5.
Weathering ______.
  Wears down mountains
  Makes caves
  Breaks down rocks into smaller rocks
  All of the above
6.
Which of these is not a force that causes mechanical weathering?
  Rain
  Wind
  Ice
  The sun



 PRE-TEST - Soil

1.
Which of the following does not make soil?
  Soil plants
  Dead bugs
  Pieces of rock
  Dead leaves
2.
What helps make soil?
  Weather
  Trucks
  People
  Drills
3.
How many different layers does soil have?
  Ten
  Fourteen
  Four
  One thousand
4.
How long does it take to make one inch of soil?
  10 years
  1,000 years
  One million years
  1 year
















Two Kinds of Weathering 

By Cindy Grigg
  


1     The Earth's surface is always changing. Some of the changes happen fairly fast. Some changes take a very long time. Scientists believe that the processes that changed the surface of the Earth in the past are still the same today. This idea is called the principle of uniformity. They believe that these processes have been the same, or uniform, throughout time.
 2     Weathering is one process that changes the Earth's surface. Weathering is the breaking down of the solid part of the Earth's solid surface. Large boulders are broken down into smaller rocks. Rocks are broken down into smaller and smaller pieces until they become part of the soil. Many things can cause this breaking down: wind, water, ice, plants, animals, and chemical changes. Weathering is a slow process. It is also a continuous process. There are two main types of weathering. They are mechanical and chemical weathering.

ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above











3     Mechanical weathering only changes the size of the rock. The rock's chemicals are not changed, and no new substances are created. Chemical weathering is different. It changes the chemical makeup of the rock. New substances are created. For example, rocks with iron in them may rust. Oxygen and iron combine to create a new substance (rust). The rocks may have a rusty-red color on the outside, but when broken, are dark on the inside.

ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above


4     Weathering changes the Earth. Rocks are torn apart by forces of wind, water, ice, plants, and animals. Chemical changes take place that break down rocks and create new substances. Large rocks become smaller rocks. Smaller rocks become part of soil. Mountains are worn down. Caves are made in once-solid rock. The Earth's surface is always changing.

ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above

Copyright © 2011 edHelper









Please click and watch this short video and take 10-20 notes about it in your journal






















Two Kinds of Weathering









Directions:  Please copy these questions in your journal and then answer them.


1.
What is  weathering?
  The breaking down of Earth's solid surface
  Rain, snow, sun, and storms
  Changes on Earth have been the same throughout time
  Changes in temperature because of weather
2.
What is chemical weathering?











3.
Which kind of result does chemical weathering may produce?
  rust
  sand
4.
What is the principle of uniformity?











5.
Weathering ______.
  Wears down mountains
  widens rivers
  Breaks down rocks into smaller rocks
  All of the above
6.
Which of these is not a force that causes mechanical weathering?
  acid
  Wind
  Rain
  Ice


Assignment=Please copy this question into your journal and answer it there.

"Mushroom rocks are often found in the desert.   The part at the top is hard and rough.  The rock underneath, which resembles a stem, is softer and smoother"

Which of these choices most likely shaped the rock shown in the picture above?
A) a flood
B) wind erosion
C) an earthquake
D) a volcanic eruption

Please explain in your journal which you chose your answer in 2-3 sentences


Please explain what would have happened if a rock was changed by the other 3 answers in a 3 sentence paragraph in your journal.





















VOCABULARY



Assignment=Please copy these questions in your journal and complete each sentence using the words in the word list.


earthquakes
hurricanes
minerals
erosion

weathering
tornadoes
hardness
luster


_______________
31.  
The ocean causes ____ at the cliff edge.
_______________
32.  
A rock's ____ and structure are changed as it becomes a metamorphic rock.
_______________
33.  
Mohs created the ____ scale to help identify minerals.
_______________
34.  
____ occur when warm air and cold air collide.
_______________
35.  
Nine ____ were predicted for the coming season.
_______________
36.  
The process of ____ breaks down rock at or near the earth's surface into smaller and smaller pieces.
_______________
37.  
The three most common agents of ____ are water, wind, and glaciers.
_______________
38.  
The residents received a dire warning from the meteorologist about the possibility of multiple ____.
_______________
39.  
Polishing rocks brings out their ____.
_______________
40.  
Soil is formed through the ____ of rocks and decay of plants and animals.
_______________
41.  
The Tectonic plates move slowly causing ____ and other changes.



























Two Kinds of Weathering
ASSIGNMENT=Describe evidence you have seen of mechanical weathering. What force caused it? (fully explain in your journal)



































Two Kinds of Weathering
ASSIGNMENT=Write a story about a large rock that is weathering. What happens to the rock? Where does it end up? How does it get there? (fully explain in your journal)





CLOZE Excersize =Two Kinds of Weathering 
By Cindy Grigg
  



created
uniformity
combine
continuous


chemical
iron
cause
past


rusty-red
oxygen
create
mechanical


chemicals
large
substances
apart


throughout
substance


Directions:  Please copy this passage in your journal and then Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.

     The Earth's surface is always changing. Some of the changes happen fairly fast. Some changes take a very long time. Scientists believe that the processes that changed the surface of the Earth in the (1)  _______________________   are still the same today. This idea is called the principle of (2)  _______________________  . They believe that these processes have been the same, or uniform, (3)  _______________________   time.
     Weathering is one process that changes the Earth's surface. Weathering is the breaking down of the solid part of the Earth's solid surface. Large boulders are broken down into smaller rocks. Rocks are broken down into smaller and smaller pieces until they become part of the soil. Many things can (4)  _______________________   this breaking down: wind, water, ice, plants, animals, and chemical changes. Weathering is a slow process. It is also a (5)  _______________________   process. There are two main types of weathering. They are mechanical and chemical weathering.
     (6)  _______________________   weathering only changes the size of the rock. The rock's (7)  _______________________   are not changed, and no new substances are(8)  _______________________  . (9)  _______________________   weathering is different. It changes the chemical makeup of the rock. New substances are created. For example, rocks with (10)  _______________________   in them may rust. (11)  _______________________   and iron (12)  _______________________   to create a new(13)  _______________________   (rust). The rocks may have a (14)  _______________________   color on the outside, but when broken, are dark on the inside.
     Weathering changes the Earth. Rocks are torn (15)  _______________________   by forces of wind, water, ice, plants, and animals. Chemical changes take place that break down rocks and(16)  _______________________   new (17)  _______________________  . (18)  _______________________   rocks become smaller rocks. Smaller rocks become part of soil. Mountains are worn down. Caves are made in once-solid rock. The Earth's surface is always changing.
 

Copyright © 2011 edHelper


Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks 
By Patti Hutchison
  


1     Air, water, ice, and gravity. These are nature's agents of weathering. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface. This process has been going on since the earth was formed.
 2     Have you seen pictures of the Grand Canyon? Do you know how it was formed? You guessed it- weathering. The water from the Colorado River carved the canyon through the rock around it. Evidence of weathering is all around us.
 3     There are two kinds of weathering. The first is mechanical weathering. A mechanic uses tools to take your car apart. Nature uses tools such as ice and water to take rocks apart. This is also called physical weathering.
 






ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above



4     Mechanical weathering doesn't change what the rock is made of. It simply changes the size and shape of the rock. There are several ways a rock can be weathered physically.
 5     Water and ice are common causes of weathering. Water collects in the cracks of rocks. When water freezes, it expands. This can cause the rocks to split apart. They break down into smaller rocks.
 6     Pressure is another tool for weathering. The weight of rock layers on top cause pressure on rocks buried below the surface. Gravity can cause the top layers to be removed. Then the pressure is released. The rocks expand and break apart.
 7     Roots of trees and plants can also cause mechanical weathering. They can grow into cracks in rocks. As they do this, pressure on the rocks can cause them to break apart.








 8     There is another form of weathering called chemical weathering. Water and oxygen are the most common causes of chemical weathering. They cause chemical changes in rocks.










 9     Water can dissolve many kinds of rocks and minerals. Rivers and streams dissolve the minerals in their banks as they move. The rivers become wider or deeper. The minerals are carried away by the current.    










 10     Oxygen makes up about twenty-one percent of our air. It can combine with many substances. When it does, the chemicals are changed. This is called oxidation.
 11     Iron is a substance that is easily oxidized. Iron in rocks and minerals combines with the oxygen in air to form a different substance. If you have a rusty bike chain, you have seen the effects of oxidation.
 12     Weathering has a great effect on our lives. Potholes in roads are caused by weathering. Our cars rust. Statues and buildings wear away because of weathering.
 13     However, there is a good side to weathering. Weathering helps make soil. Without soil, we would not be able to grow plants for food and to help put oxygen back into the air. Look around you- the effects of weathering are everywhere.

Copyright © 2011 edHelper
ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above














































ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this activity into your journal and complete it there.


Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks

1.
The breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface is called ______.
  Weathering
  Oxidation
  Soil
2.
Mechanical weathering is also called ______.
  Rust
  Physical weathering
  Oxidation
3.
Mechanical weathering changes what the rock is made of.
  False
  True
4.
Explain how water and ice cause mechanical weathering.











5.
What are the two most common causes of chemical weathering?











6.
Oxygen combining with rocks and minerals is called ______.
  Erosion
  Oxidation
  Mechanical weathering


Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks









ASSIGNMENT= (fully explain in your journal)

Explain how water can cause both mechanical and chemical weathering.








Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks









ASSIGNMENT= (fully explain in your journal)

How is weathering harmful to us? How is it helpful?





































Assignment=Please copy these questions in your journal and complete each sentence using the words in the word list.















Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

earthquakes
tornadoes
streak


hurricanes
erosion
luster



_______________
16.
____ can devastate land and people by wrecking buildings and flooding cities.
_______________
17.
The ____ also made volcanoes erupt all over the world.
_______________
18.
When soil and rocks are moved from one place to another, it is called ____.
_______________
19.
Big ____ destroy everything in their path.
_______________
20.
Heavy rainfall can make ____ happen.
_______________
21.
The color of a mineral in powdered form is the ____.
_______________
22.
The house was severely damaged by the ____.
_______________
23.
____ is what makes canyons.
_______________
24.
After washing his red Corvette, Antonio admired its ____ in the sunshine.
_______________
25.
Many ____ form in Kansas and Oklahoma.
_______________
26.
The movement of Earth's plates can cause ____, volcanoes, and other activities.
_______________
27.
The stone had a bright ____.
_______________
28.
____ occur on fault lines.
_______________
29.
Scientists use seismographs to study ____.
_______________
30.
____ BREAKS DOWN THE EARTH.


















































ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this activity into your journal and complete it there.



Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks 
By Patti Hutchison
  



formed
able
earth
form


tools
oxidation
physically
tool


dissolve
combine
however
process


mechanical
physical
current
combines


gravity
easily
roots


Directions:  Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.

     Air, water, ice, and (1)  _______________________  . These are nature's agents of weathering. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks on the(2)  _______________________  's surface. This (3)  _______________________   has been going on since the earth was formed.
     Have you seen pictures of the Grand Canyon? Do you know how it was (4)  _______________________  ? You guessed it- weathering. The water from the Colorado River carved the canyon through the rock around it. Evidence of weathering is all around us.
     There are two kinds of weathering. The first is (5)  _______________________   weathering. A mechanic uses (6)  _______________________   to take your car apart. Nature uses tools such as ice and water to take rocks apart. This is also called (7)  _______________________   weathering.
     Mechanical weathering doesn't change what the rock is made of. It simply changes the size and shape of the rock. There are several ways a rock can be weathered (8)  _______________________  .
     Water and ice are common causes of weathering. Water collects in the cracks of rocks. When water freezes, it expands. This can cause the rocks to split apart. They break down into smaller rocks.
     Pressure is another (9)  _______________________   for weathering. The weight of rock layers on top cause pressure on rocks buried below the surface. Gravity can cause the top layers to be removed. Then the pressure is released. The rocks expand and break apart.
     (10)  _______________________   of trees and plants can also cause mechanical weathering. They can grow into cracks in rocks. As they do this, pressure on the rocks can cause them to break apart.
     There is another (11)  _______________________   of weathering called chemical weathering. Water and oxygen are the most common causes of chemical weathering. They cause chemical changes in rocks.
     Water can (12)  _______________________   many kinds of rocks and minerals. Rivers and streams dissolve the minerals in their banks as they move. The rivers become wider or deeper. The minerals are carried away by the (13)  _______________________  .
     Oxygen makes up about twenty-one percent of our air. It can (14)  _______________________   with many substances. When it does, the chemicals are changed. This is called(15)  _______________________  .
     Iron is a substance that is (16)  _______________________   oxidized. Iron in rocks and minerals (17)  _______________________   with the oxygen in air to form a different substance. If you have a rusty bike chain, you have seen the effects of oxidation.
     Weathering has a great effect on our lives. Potholes in roads are caused by weathering. Our cars rust. Statues and buildings wear away because of weathering.
     (18)  _______________________  , there is a good side to weathering. Weathering helps make soil. Without soil, we would not be (19)  _______________________   to grow plants for food and to help put oxygen back into the air. Look around you- the effects of weathering are everywhere.
 

Copyright © 2011 edHelper









































ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this activity into your journal and complete it there.


Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks

1.
The breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface is called ______.
  Oxidation
  Soil
  Weathering
2.
Mechanical weathering is also called ______.
  Oxidation
  Rust
  Physical weathering
3.
Mechanical weathering changes what the rock is made of.
  False
  True
4.
Explain how water and ice cause mechanical weathering.











5.
What are the two most common causes of chemical weathering?











6.
Oxygen combining with rocks and minerals is called ______.
  Oxidation
  Mechanical weathering
  Erosion



GLACIERS - MECHANICAL?PHYSICAL WEATHERING




GLACIERS
Glaciers are huge ice sheets that slowly move.  They not only transport material as they move, but they also sculpt and carve away the land beneath them. The ice totally changes the landscape. The ice erodes the land surface and carries the broken rocks and soil far from their original locations.

Glaciated valleys are probably the most visible landform caused by the movement of glaciers. Like fjords, they are trough-shaped, often with steep vertical cliffs where entire mountainsides were removed by glacial movement. One of the most striking examples of glaciated valleys can be seen in Yosemite National Park, where glaciers literally sheared away mountainsides, creating deep valleys with vertical walls









ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above



















































ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this activity into your journal and complete it there.








Assignment=Please double click this site and 

learn about how glaciers change a landscape


http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/glaciers


Hit "run"  Then play with the simulation


Please write 6-10 notes in your journal about 


what you learned from this glacier simulation.












                      PART #2








6th Grade -Materials and Processes That Shape a Planet -6th Grade




2.6.A. Materials and Processes That Shape A Planet
  2. Cite evidence to demonstrate and explain that physical weathering and chemical weathering cause changes to
Earth materials.
      a. Identify examples of physical weathering, such as the effect of wind, ice, etc. and describe the changes caused in each.
      b. Describe the changes in materials caused by each of the chemical weathering processes listed:
           Rusting/tarnishing             Dissolving by acid rain
c. Compare physical and chemical weathering and provide examples of changes caused in Earth materials or features by each of these processes.
  4. Differentiate among sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks based upon the processes by which they are formed.
      a. Identify and describe the processes that form sedimentary rock.
           Deposition                        Compaction                     Cementation
      b. Identify and describe the processes that form igneous rocks
           Volcanic eruptions                         Igneous intrusions
      c. Identify and describe the processes that form metamorphic rocks.
           High temperature                          Pressure
d. Cite features that can be used as evidence to distinguish among the three types of rocks and relate these features to the processes that form each rock type.
      e. Describe the processes that change one form of rock into another (rock cycle).









2.6.C. Plate Tectonics
     1. Recognize and describe the internal and external structure of the Earth.
a. Recognize and describe that the Earth’s mantle
• Lies between the core and the crust
• Is very hot
• Has properties of both solids and liquid
b. Recognize and describe that the Earth’s core
• Is at the center of the Earth
• Is very hot
• Is dense and metalllic
c. Identify and describe the Earth’s crust.
• The solid crust consists of separate plates
• The plates constantly move in different directions due to convection currents
• The plates interact with one another as a result of plate motion.
2. Recognize and explain how major geologic events are a result of the movement of Earth’s crustal plates.
a. Recognize and describe the evidence for plate movement.
• Shape of continents
• Continuity of geologic features and fossils on the continents
• Ocean rifts, seafloor spreading
• Global patterns of earthquakes and volcanoes
b. Recognize and explain that major geologic events (earthquakes, volcanic activity, sea floor spreading) occur along crustal plate boundaries.

VSC SKILLS AND PROCESSES INDICATORS
1.6-8.A Constructing Knowledge
1. Design, analyze or carry out simple investigations and formulate appropriate conclusions based on the data obtained or provided.
1.6-8.B. Applying Evidence and Reasoning
1. Review data from a simple experiment, summarize the data, and construct a logical argument about the cause-and-effect relationships in the experiment.
1.6-8.C Communicating Scientific Information
1. Develop explanations that explicitly link data from investigations conducted, selected readings and when appropriate, contributions from historical discoveries.
1.6-8.D Making Models
  1. Analyze the value and the limitations of different types of models in explaining real things and processes.

Secondary VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY
Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Tectonic plate
Pangaea
Mid- ocean ridges
Seafloor spreading
Ocean trenches
Convection
Convection current
Divergent boundary
Convergent boundary
Transform boundary
Rift valley
Fault
Earthquake
Subduction
Continent
Volcano
Magma
Lava
Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Tectonic plate
Pangaea
Mid- ocean ridges
Seafloor spreading
Ocean trenches
Convection
Convection current
Divergent boundary
Convergent boundary
Transform boundary
Rift valley
Fault
Earthquake
Subduction
Continent
Volcano
Magma
Lava

PRIMARY  VOCABULARY-
LOOK UP AND PUT IN YOUR JOURNAL
Weathering
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Tarnishing
Rust
Igneous rock
Extrusive
Intrusive
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock
Erosion
Deposition
Compaction
Cementation
Sediment
Silica
Temperature
Pressure
Rock Cycle


Physical Weathering  PRE TEST







Two Kinds of Weathering

1.
What is weathering?
  Rain, snow, sun, and storms
  Changes on Earth have been the same throughout time
  The breaking down of Earth's solid surface
  Changes in temperature because of weather
2.
What are two kinds of weathering?










3.
Which kind of weathering may produce rust?
  Mechanical weathering
  Chemical weathering
4.
What is the principle of uniformity?










5.
Weathering ______.
  Wears down mountains
  Makes caves
  Breaks down rocks into smaller rocks
  All of the above
6.
Which of these is not a force that causes mechanical weathering?
  The sun
  Wind
  Rain
  Ice





Please read this article

Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks 
By Patti Hutchison
  


1     Air, water, ice, and gravity. These are nature's agents of weathering. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface. This process has been going on since the earth was formed.
 2     Have you seen pictures of the Grand Canyon? Do you know how it was formed? You guessed it- weathering. The water from the Colorado River carved the canyon through the rock around it. Evidence of weathering is all around us.
 3     There are two kinds of weathering. The first is mechanical weathering. A mechanic uses tools to take your car apart. Nature uses tools such as ice and water to take rocks apart. This is also called physical weathering.
 4     Mechanical weathering doesn't change what the rock is made of. It simply changes the size and shape of the rock. There are several ways a rock can be weathered physically.
 5     Water and ice are common causes of weathering. Water collects in the cracks of rocks. When water freezes, it expands. This can cause the rocks to split apart. They break down into smaller rocks.
 














ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above





6     Pressure is another tool for weathering. The weight of rock layers on top cause pressure on rocks buried below the surface. Gravity can cause the top layers to be removed. Then the pressure is released. The rocks expand and break apart.
 7     Roots of trees and plants can also cause mechanical weathering. They can grow into cracks in rocks. As they do this, pressure on the rocks can cause them to break apart.
 8     There is another form of weathering called chemical weathering. Water and oxygen are the most common causes of chemical weathering. They cause chemical changes in rocks.
 9     Water can dissolve many kinds of rocks and minerals. Rivers and streams dissolve the minerals in their banks as they move. The rivers become wider or deeper. The minerals are carried away by the current.
 
















ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above

10     Oxygen makes up about twenty-one percent of our air. It can combine with many substances. When it does, the chemicals are changed. This is called oxidation.
 11     Iron is a substance that is easily oxidized. Iron in rocks and minerals combines with the oxygen in air to form a different substance. If you have a rusty bike chain, you have seen the effects of oxidation.
 12     Weathering has a great effect on our lives. Potholes in roads are caused by weathering. Our cars rust. Statues and buildings wear away because of weathering.
 13     However, there is a good side to weathering. Weathering helps make soil. Without soil, we would not be able to grow plants for food and to help put oxygen back into the air. Look around you- the effects of weathering are everywhere.













ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above

Copyright © 2011 edHelper







Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks


1.  The breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface is called ______.
  Soil
  Weathering
  Oxidation
2.  Mechanical weathering is also called ______.
  Rust
  Physical weathering
  Oxidation
3.  Mechanical weathering changes what the rock is made of.
  False
  True
4.  Explain how water and ice cause mechanical weathering.








5.  What are the two most common causes of chemical weathering?








6.  Oxygen combining with rocks and minerals is called ______.
  Oxidation
  Mechanical weathering
  Erosion







Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks
Explain how water can cause both mechanical and chemical weathering.











Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks
How is weathering harmful to us? How is it helpful?







Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks 
By Patti Hutchison
  



gravity
physical
rust
oxidation


roots
nature
effects
easily


chain
combines
several
however


physically
combine
soil
since


effect
pressure


Directions:  Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.

     Air, water, ice, and gravity. These are (1)  _______________________  's agents of weathering. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface. This process has been going on (2)  _______________________   the earth was formed.
     Have you seen pictures of the Grand Canyon? Do you know how it was formed? You guessed it- weathering. The water from the Colorado River carved the canyon through the rock around it. Evidence of weathering is all around us.
     There are two kinds of weathering. The first is mechanical weathering. A mechanic uses tools to take your car apart. Nature uses tools such as ice and water to take rocks apart. This is also called (3)  _______________________   weathering.
     Mechanical weathering doesn't change what the rock is made of. It simply changes the size and shape of the rock. There are (4)  _______________________   ways a rock can be weathered(5)  _______________________  .
     Water and ice are common causes of weathering. Water collects in the cracks of rocks. When water freezes, it expands. This can cause the rocks to split apart. They break down into smaller rocks.
     Pressure is another tool for weathering. The weight of rock layers on top cause pressure on rocks buried below the surface. (6)  _______________________   can cause the top layers to be removed. Then the pressure is released. The rocks expand and break apart.
     (7)  _______________________   of trees and plants can also cause mechanical weathering. They can grow into cracks in rocks. As they do this, (8)  _______________________   on the rocks can cause them to break apart.
     There is another form of weathering called chemical weathering. Water and oxygen are the most common causes of chemical weathering. They cause chemical changes in rocks.
     Water can dissolve many kinds of rocks and minerals. Rivers and streams dissolve the minerals in their banks as they move. The rivers become wider or deeper. The minerals are carried away by the current.
     Oxygen makes up about twenty-one percent of our air. It can (9)  _______________________   with many substances. When it does, the chemicals are changed. This is called(10)  _______________________  .
     Iron is a substance that is (11)  _______________________   oxidized. Iron in rocks and minerals (12)  _______________________   with the oxygen in air to form a different substance. If you have a rusty bike (13)  _______________________  , you have seen the effects of oxidation.
     Weathering has a great (14)  _______________________   on our lives. Potholes in roads are caused by weathering. Our cars (15)  _______________________  . Statues and buildings wear away because of weathering.
     (16)  _______________________  , there is a good side to weathering. Weathering helps make soil. Without (17)  _______________________  , we would not be able to grow plants for food and to help put oxygen back into the air. Look around you- the (18)  _______________________   of weathering are everywhere.
 


Copyright © 2011 edHelper







Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks


1.  The breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface is called ______.
  Soil
  Weathering
  Oxidation
2.  Mechanical weathering is also called ______.
  Oxidation
  Rust
  Physical weathering
3.  Mechanical weathering changes what the rock is made of.
  False
  True
4.  Explain how water and ice cause mechanical weathering.








5.  What are the two most common causes of chemical weathering?








6.  Oxygen combining with rocks and minerals is called ______.
  Oxidation
  Mechanical weathering
  Erosion











Please explain in your journal @ How are physical weathering and chemical weathering different?  … (3-5 sentences)









Please explain in your journal @ How does weathering affect the Earth’s surface? (2-4 sentences)


Please explain in your journal @ What are the effects of physical and chemical weathering? (2-4 sentences)









Please copy this quiz in your journal and complete it there
complete each sentence.









_______________
1.  
The world's largest active (Metamorphic rock, sediments, volcano) is on the island of Hawaii.
_______________
2.  
Oxygen acts with iron to form (rust, oxidation, weight) .
_______________
3.  
(Erosion, Residue, Sediments) is a process that is so slow it is almost imperceptible.
_______________
4.  
The roof could not withstand the (Metamorphic rock, pressure, Cementation) of the rain and collapsed.
_______________
5.  
The dropping of materials moved by erosion is called (Pressure, deposition, Chemical weathering) .
_______________
6.  
(Chemical, Erosion, Compression) formed the Grand Canyon.
_______________
7.  
Metal will (Physical Weathering, scuff, rust) if left outside in the rain.
_______________
8.  
I had to use all my (strength, sedimentary rock, filing) to lift the heavy box.
_______________
9.  
The (Sediment, Extrusive, temperature) dropped and it became very cold outside.
_______________
10.  
(Volcano, Sediment, Scuff) is rock that has been smashed into tiny pieces by weathering.
_______________
11.  
Heat can be given off in a (placement, strain, chemical) reaction.
_______________
12.  
I wish they would adjust the (residue, temperature, eat away) so it was not freezing in class.
_______________
13.  
The terrible storms caused (erosion, oxidation, strain) along the beaches.

Please explain in your journal @ What are the agents of physical and chemical weathering? (2-4 sentences)



or







Two Kinds of Weathering
In your journal, please describe evidence you have seen of mechanical weathering. What force caused it?





















Please copy this quiz in your journal and complete it there
Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

Temperature
strength
abrasion
decay

Deposition
Pressure
volcano
Rust

Intrusive
Chemical
Erosion



_______________
16.
The wearing away of rock and soil by water, wind, and ice is called ____.
_______________
17.
____ can cause rocks to deform, or change shape.
_______________
18.
The ____ over the last few years made the rocks look smaller.
_______________
19.
The ____ creates a sandblasting effect that can erode or smooth rocks.
_______________
20.
Metamorphism happens when heat, ____, and moisture changes a rock's structure and shape.
_______________
21.
The hot cinders coated the ground after the ____ erupted.
_______________
22.
We could not control the room's ____ because the thermostat was broken.
_______________
23.
____ igneous rock usually has a coarse grained texture.
_______________
24.
____ of gravel was the result of the glacier's movement.
_______________
25.
When plants and animals die, they ____, or rot.
_______________
26.
Iron and water are two substances that combine to form iron oxide or ____.
_______________
27.
Iron and oxygen change into iron oxide during a ____ reaction.
_______________
28.
The long climb to the top of the mountain exhausted out ____.
_______________
29.
____ formed the Grand Canyon.
_______________
30.
The oven must be at the specific ____ to bake the cake.







Two Kinds of Weathering
In your journal, please write a story about a large rock that is weathering. What happens to the rock? Where does it end up? How does it get there?







Two Kinds of Weathering 
By Cindy Grigg
  



example
principle
iron
chemical


once-solid
boulders
large
main


combine
makeup
part
process


processes
until
past
chemicals


mechanical


Directions:  Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.

     The Earth's surface is always changing. Some of the changes happen fairly fast. Some changes take a very long time. Scientists believe that the processes that changed the surface of the Earth in the(1)  _______________________   are still the same today. This idea is called the (2)  _______________________   of uniformity. They believe that these (3)  _______________________   have been the same, or uniform, throughout time.
     Weathering is one process that changes the Earth's surface. Weathering is the breaking down of the solid part of the Earth's solid surface. Large (4)  _______________________   are broken down into smaller rocks. Rocks are broken down into smaller and smaller pieces (5)  _______________________   they become (6)  _______________________   of the soil. Many things can cause this breaking down: wind, water, ice, plants, animals, and chemical changes. Weathering is a slow process. It is also a continuous (7)  _______________________  . There are two (8)  _______________________   types of weathering. They are (9)  _______________________   and(10)  _______________________   weathering.
     Mechanical weathering only changes the size of the rock. The rock's (11)  _______________________   are not changed, and no new substances are created. Chemical weathering is different. It changes the chemical(12)  _______________________   of the rock. New substances are created. For (13)  _______________________  , rocks with (14)  _______________________   in them may rust. Oxygen and iron(15)  _______________________   to create a new substance (rust). The rocks may have a rusty-red color on the outside, but when broken, are dark on the inside.
     Weathering changes the Earth. Rocks are torn apart by forces of wind, water, ice, plants, and animals. Chemical changes take place that break down rocks and create new substances. (16)  _______________________   rocks become smaller rocks. Smaller rocks become part of soil. Mountains are worn down. Caves are made in (17)  _______________________   rock. The Earth's surface is always changing.
 

Copyright © 2011 edHelper

Please copy this quiz in your journal and complete it there
















Complete each sentence.


_______________
14.  
the (deposit, deposition, Physical Weathering) of the sediment caused the mountains erosion.
_______________
15.  
If there were even traces of volcanic ash, under the microscope, the rocks would have a few tiny smashed bubbles of the mineral (Temperature, silica, deposition) .
_______________
16.  
Plant and animal material (decay, tension, placement) in the soil.
_______________
17.  
Iron and oxygen change into iron oxide during a (chemical, sediments, Silica) reaction.
_______________
18.  
(Erosion, Decay, Cementation) caused the soil to form a huge rock on the beach.
_______________
19.  
(Pressure, Chemical weathering, Divergent plates) can cause rocks to deform, or change shape.
_______________
20.  
The (abrasion, debris, sedimentary rock) resulting from the explosion blanketed the highway.
_______________
21.  
The (Physical Weathering, erosion, Metamorphic rock) of the hillside was caused by water and wind.
_______________
22.  
"Ash from the (volcano, Chemical, force) rained down on Pompeii," read Ayush.
_______________
23.  
The wind and water caused much (erosion, Tarnishing, metamorphic rock) of the land.
_______________
24.  
(Abrasion, Deposition, Volcano) can be caused by water, wind, or ice.
_______________
25.  
Niagara Falls causes (erosion, Compaction, sedimentary rock) as its water rushes over the rocks at the edge.



Please copy this quiz in your journal and complete it there













POST TEST  Two Kinds of Weathering


1.
What is weathering?
  Rain, snow, sun, and storms
  The breaking down of Earth's solid surface
  Changes in temperature because of weather
  Changes on Earth have been the same throughout time
2.
What are two kinds of weathering?










3.
Which kind of weathering may produce rust?
  Mechanical weathering
  Chemical weathering
4.
What is the principle of uniformity?










5.
Weathering ______.
  Wears down mountains
  Makes caves
  Breaks down rocks into smaller rocks
  All of the above
6.
Which of these is not a force that causes mechanical weathering?
  Rain
  Wind
  Ice
  The sun


Please click this website, follow the directions and see how floods change the surface of the Earth








         






nner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Tectonic plate
Pangaea
Mid- ocean ridges
Seafloor spreading
Ocean trenches
Convection
Convection current
Divergent boundary
Convergent boundary
Transform boundary
Rift valley
Fault
Earthquake
Subduction
Continent
Volcano
Magma
Lava



PRETEST

Materials and Processes that Shape a Planet


* Required






 





very important
not important at all



Play This Game


Explain in your journal what you learned from playing this game





Types of Rocks

Rocks are not all the same!

The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentarymetamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed.

Sedimentary
Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment. Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time hardens into rock. Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may break apart or crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock, and it is usually the only type that contains fossils.

Examples of this rock type include conglomerate and limestone.








ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above









Metamorphic
Metamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the earth from the metamorphosis (change) that occurs due to intense heat and pressure (squeezing). The rocks that result from these processes often have ribbonlike layers and may have shiny crystals, formed by minerals growing slowly over time, on their surface.

Examples of this rock type include gneiss and marble.








ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above










Igneous
Igneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock deep within the earth) cools and hardens. Sometimes the magma cools inside the earth, and other times it erupts onto the surface from volcanoes (in this case, it is called lava). When lava cools very quickly, no crystals form and the rock looks shiny and glasslike. Sometimes gas bubbles are trapped in the rock during the cooling process, leaving tiny holes and spaces in the rock.

Examples of this rock type include basalt and obsidian.








ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above









What To Look For:

Here's a chart of some of the key characteristics that can help you identify the rocks within these three main classes.

Crystals
Small, flat surfaces that are shiny or sparkly, like tiny mirrors.
Fossils
Imprints of leaves, shells, insects, or other items in the rock.
Gas bubbles
"Holes," like Swiss cheese, in the rock.
Glassy surface
A shiny and smooth surface, like colored glass.
Ribbonlike layers
Straight or wavy stripes of different colors in the rock.
Sand or pebbles
Individual stones, pebbles, or sand grains visible in the rock.
Rock with crystals
Rock with fossils
Rock with gas bubbles
Rock with glassy surface
Rock with ribbonlike layers
Rock with pebbles



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How Rocks Change

Introduction

Does it seem to you that rocks never change? For example, if you find a chunk of granite today, can you expect that it will still be granite at the end of your lifetime? That may well be true — but only because our lifetimes are very short relative to the history of the earth.

If we take a step back to look at geologic time (which focuses on changes taking place over millions of years), we find that rocks actually do change! All rocks, in fact, change slowly from one type to another, again and again. The changes form a cycle, called "the rock cycle."

The way rocks change depends on various processes that are always taking place on and under the earth's surface. Now let's take a closer look at each of these processes.



Heat & Pressure

What happens to cookie dough when you put it in the oven? The heat of the oven produces changes in the ingredients that make them interact and combine. Without melting the dough, the heat changes it into a whole new product — a cookie.

A similar process happens to rocks beneath the earth's surface. Due to movements in the crust, rocks are frequently pulled under the surface of the earth, where temperatures increase dramatically the farther they descend. Between 100 and 200 kilometers (62 and 124 miles) below the earth's surface, temperatures are hot enough to melt most rocks. However, before the melting point is reached, a rock can undergo fundamental changes while in a solid state — morphing from one type to another without melting.

An additional factor that can transform rocks is the pressure caused by tons of other rocks pressing down on it from above; heat and pressure usually work together to alter the rocks under the earth's surface. This kind of change, which results from both rising temperature and pressure, is called metamorphism, and the resulting rock is a metamorphic rock.


      About this Interactive  |  Glossary  |  Rock Cycle Site Map 
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How Rocks Change


Melting

What happens to a chocolate bar when it gets very hot? It melts.

The same thing happens to a rock when it is heated enough. Of course, it takes a lot of heat to melt a rock. The high temperatures required are generally found only deep within the earth. The rock is pulled down by movements in the earth's crust and gets hotter and hotter as it goes deeper. It takes temperatures between 600 and 1,300 degrees Celsius (1,100 and 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit) to melt a rock, turning it into a substance called magma (molten rock). 








ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above













Cooling

What would you do to turn a melted chocolate bar back into a solid? You'd cool it by putting it into the refrigerator until it hardens.

Similarly, liquid magma also turns into a solid — a rock — when it is cooled. Any rock that forms from the cooling of magma is an igneous rock. Magma that cools quickly forms one kind of igneous rock, and magma that cools slowly forms another kind.

When magma rises from deep within the earth and explodes out of a volcano, it is called lava, and it cools quickly on the surface. Rock formed in this way is called extrusive igneous rock. It is extruded, or pushed, out of the earth's interior and cools outside of or very near the earth's surface.

What if the magma doesn't erupt out of a volcano, but instead gets pushed slowly upward toward the earth's surface over hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years? This magma will also cool, but at a much slower rate than lava erupting from a volcano. The kind of rock formed in this way is called intrusive igneous rock. It intrudes, or pushes, into the earth's interior and cools beneath the surface.








ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above




















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How Rocks Change

Weathering & Erosion

What do dandelions rely on to separate their seeds, carry them, and deposit them elsewhere? The wind.

All objects on the earth's surface are exposed to the wind, along with many other elements — water, the sun, temperature changes. Over time, these factors wear objects down and break them apart. The resulting bits and pieces of material are called sediment. Sediment is then transported by wind and water, often ending up far from where it started. These processes of breakdown and transport due to exposure to the environment are called weathering and erosion. Weathering and erosion affect all rocks on the earth's surface.








ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above





















Compacting & Cementing

What happens to a loose pile of garbage when it's put into a compactor? The squeezing of the machine produces a solid cube of compacted garbage.

The same thing happens to sediment formed from the weathering and erosion of rock. Over time, sediment accumulates in oceans, lakes, and valleys, eventually building up in layers and weighing down the material underneath. This weight presses the sediment particles together, compacting them. Water passing through the spaces in between the particles helps to cement them together even more. This process of compacting and cementing sediment forms sedimentary rock.








ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above
























See if you can identify the processes that can change rocks from type to another.


PLAY THIS Game
See if you can identify the processes that can change rocks from type to another.








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