6th Grade- Unit#2 Materials and Processes and

Materials and Processes That Shape A Planet - 6th Grade

Objectives and Indicators for this Unit

2.6.A. Materials and Processes That Shape A Planet

  2. Cite evidence to demonstrate and explain that physical weathering and chemical weathering cause changes to

Earth materials.

      a. Identify examples of physical weathering, such as the effect of wind, ice, etc. and describe the changes caused in each.

      b. Describe the changes in materials caused by each of the chemical weathering processes listed:

         ▪  Rusting/tarnishing                  ▪  Dissolving by acid rain

c. Compare physical and chemical weathering and provide examples of changes caused in Earth materials or features by each of these processes.

  4. Differentiate among sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks based upon the processes by which they are formed.

      a. Identify and describe the processes that form sedimentary rock.

         ▪  Deposition                           ▪   Compaction                           ▪  Cementation

      b. Identify and describe the processes that form igneous rocks

         ▪  Volcanic eruptions                                    ▪  Igneous intrusions

      c. Identify and describe the processes that form metamorphic rocks.

         ▪  High temperature                                     ▪  Pressure

d. Cite features that can be used as evidence to distinguish among the three types of rocks and relate these features to the processes that form each rock type.

      e. Describe the processes that change one form of rock into another (rock cycle).

FIRST LARGE ASSIGNMENT

Vocabulary words to look up and put in journal

Weathering

Physical Weathering

Chemical Weathering

Tarnishing

Rust

Igneous rock

Extrusive

Intrusive

Sedimentary rock

Metamorphic rock

Erosion

Deposition

Compaction

Cementation

Sediment

Silica

Temperature

Pressure

Rock Cycle

ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this activity into your journal and complete it there. PRETEST -Two Kinds of Weathering 1. What is weathering?   Changes on Earth have been the same throughout time   The breaking down of Earth's solid surface   Rain, snow, sun, and storms   Changes in temperature because of weather 2. What are two kinds of weathering? 3. Which kind of weathering may produce rust?   Mechanical weathering   Chemical weathering 4. What is the principle of uniformity? 5. Weathering ______.   Wears down mountains   Makes caves   Breaks down rocks into smaller rocks   All of the above 6. Which of these is not a force that causes mechanical weathering?   Rain   Wind   Ice   The sun

 PRE-TEST - Soil

1. Which of the following does not make soil?   Soil plants   Dead bugs   Pieces of rock   Dead leaves	2. What helps make soil?   Weather   Trucks   People   Drills
3. How many different layers does soil have?   Ten   Fourteen   Four   One thousand	4. How long does it take to make one inch of soil?   10 years   1,000 years   One million years   1 year

Two Kinds of Weathering  By Cindy Grigg    1     The Earth's surface is always changing. Some of the changes happen fairly fast. Some changes take a very long time. Scientists believe that the processes that changed the surface of the Earth in the past are still the same today. This idea is called the principle of uniformity. They believe that these processes have been the same, or uniform, throughout time.  2     Weathering is one process that changes the Earth's surface. Weathering is the breaking down of the solid part of the Earth's solid surface. Large boulders are broken down into smaller rocks. Rocks are broken down into smaller and smaller pieces until they become part of the soil. Many things can cause this breaking down: wind, water, ice, plants, animals, and chemical changes. Weathering is a slow process. It is also a continuous process. There are two main types of weathering. They are mechanical and chemical weathering. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above 3     Mechanical weathering only changes the size of the rock. The rock's chemicals are not changed, and no new substances are created. Chemical weathering is different. It changes the chemical makeup of the rock. New substances are created. For example, rocks with iron in them may rust. Oxygen and iron combine to create a new substance (rust). The rocks may have a rusty-red color on the outside, but when broken, are dark on the inside. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above 4     Weathering changes the Earth. Rocks are torn apart by forces of wind, water, ice, plants, and animals. Chemical changes take place that break down rocks and create new substances. Large rocks become smaller rocks. Smaller rocks become part of soil. Mountains are worn down. Caves are made in once-solid rock. The Earth's surface is always changing. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above Copyright © 2011 edHelper Assignment- Please watch the video below and take between 12-25 notes in your journal. Please click and watch this short video and take 10-20 notes about it in your journal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLFfmeirwjg&feature=related Two Kinds of Weathering Directions:  Please copy these questions in your journal and then answer them. 1. What is  weathering?   The breaking down of Earth's solid surface   Rain, snow, sun, and storms   Changes on Earth have been the same throughout time   Changes in temperature because of weather 2. What is chemical weathering? 3. Which kind of result does chemical weathering may produce?   rust   sand 4. What is the principle of uniformity? 5. Weathering ______.   Wears down mountains   widens rivers   Breaks down rocks into smaller rocks   All of the above 6. Which of these is not a force that causes mechanical weathering?   acid   Wind   Rain   Ice Assignment=Please copy this question into your journal and answer it there. "Mushroom rocks are often found in the desert.   The part at the top is hard and rough.  The rock underneath, which resembles a stem, is softer and smoother" Which of these choices most likely shaped the rock shown in the picture above? A) a flood B) wind erosion C) an earthquake D) a volcanic eruption Please explain in your journal which you chose your answer in 2-3 sentences Please explain what would have happened if a rock was changed by the other 3 answers in a 3 sentence paragraph in your journal. VOCABULARYAssignment=Please copy these questions in your journal and complete each sentence using the words in the word list. earthquakes hurricanes minerals erosion weathering tornadoes hardness luster _______________ 31.   The ocean causes ____ at the cliff edge. _______________ 32.   A rock's ____ and structure are changed as it becomes a metamorphic rock. _______________ 33.   Mohs created the ____ scale to help identify minerals. _______________ 34.   ____ occur when warm air and cold air collide. _______________ 35.   Nine ____ were predicted for the coming season. _______________ 36.   The process of ____ breaks down rock at or near the earth's surface into smaller and smaller pieces. _______________ 37.   The three most common agents of ____ are water, wind, and glaciers. _______________ 38.   The residents received a dire warning from the meteorologist about the possibility of multiple ____. _______________ 39.   Polishing rocks brings out their ____. _______________ 40.   Soil is formed through the ____ of rocks and decay of plants and animals. _______________ 41.   The Tectonic plates move slowly causing ____ and other changes. Two Kinds of WeatheringASSIGNMENT=Describe evidence you have seen of mechanical weathering. What force caused it? (fully explain in your journal) Two Kinds of WeatheringASSIGNMENT=Write a story about a large rock that is weathering. What happens to the rock? Where does it end up? How does it get there? (fully explain in your journal) CLOZE Excersize =Two Kinds of Weathering  By Cindy Grigg    created uniformity combine continuous chemical iron cause past rusty-red oxygen create mechanical chemicals large substances apart throughout substance Directions:  Please copy this passage in your journal and then Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.      The Earth's surface is always changing. Some of the changes happen fairly fast. Some changes take a very long time. Scientists believe that the processes that changed the surface of the Earth in the (1)  _______________________   are still the same today. This idea is called the principle of (2)  _______________________  . They believe that these processes have been the same, or uniform, (3)  _______________________   time.      Weathering is one process that changes the Earth's surface. Weathering is the breaking down of the solid part of the Earth's solid surface. Large boulders are broken down into smaller rocks. Rocks are broken down into smaller and smaller pieces until they become part of the soil. Many things can (4)  _______________________   this breaking down: wind, water, ice, plants, animals, and chemical changes. Weathering is a slow process. It is also a (5)  _______________________   process. There are two main types of weathering. They are mechanical and chemical weathering.      (6)  _______________________   weathering only changes the size of the rock. The rock's (7)  _______________________   are not changed, and no new substances are(8)  _______________________  . (9)  _______________________   weathering is different. It changes the chemical makeup of the rock. New substances are created. For example, rocks with (10)  _______________________   in them may rust. (11)  _______________________   and iron (12)  _______________________   to create a new(13)  _______________________   (rust). The rocks may have a (14)  _______________________   color on the outside, but when broken, are dark on the inside.      Weathering changes the Earth. Rocks are torn (15)  _______________________   by forces of wind, water, ice, plants, and animals. Chemical changes take place that break down rocks and(16)  _______________________   new (17)  _______________________  . (18)  _______________________   rocks become smaller rocks. Smaller rocks become part of soil. Mountains are worn down. Caves are made in once-solid rock. The Earth's surface is always changing.  Copyright © 2011 edHelper

Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks  By Patti Hutchison

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¹     Air, water, ice, and gravity. These are nature's agents of weathering. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface. This process has been going on since the earth was formed.
 ²     Have you seen pictures of the Grand Canyon? Do you know how it was formed? You guessed it- weathering. The water from the Colorado River carved the canyon through the rock around it. Evidence of weathering is all around us.
 ³     There are two kinds of weathering. The first is mechanical weathering. A mechanic uses tools to take your car apart. Nature uses tools such as ice and water to take rocks apart. This is also called physical weathering.
 

ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above

⁴     Mechanical weathering doesn't change what the rock is made of. It simply changes the size and shape of the rock. There are several ways a rock can be weathered physically.
 ⁵     Water and ice are common causes of weathering. Water collects in the cracks of rocks. When water freezes, it expands. This can cause the rocks to split apart. They break down into smaller rocks.
 ⁶     Pressure is another tool for weathering. The weight of rock layers on top cause pressure on rocks buried below the surface. Gravity can cause the top layers to be removed. Then the pressure is released. The rocks expand and break apart.
 ⁷     Roots of trees and plants can also cause mechanical weathering. They can grow into cracks in rocks. As they do this, pressure on the rocks can cause them to break apart.

 ⁸     There is another form of weathering called chemical weathering. Water and oxygen are the most common causes of chemical weathering. They cause chemical changes in rocks.









 ⁹     Water can dissolve many kinds of rocks and minerals. Rivers and streams dissolve the minerals in their banks as they move. The rivers become wider or deeper. The minerals are carried away by the current.    

 ¹⁰     Oxygen makes up about twenty-one percent of our air. It can combine with many substances. When it does, the chemicals are changed. This is called oxidation.
 ¹¹     Iron is a substance that is easily oxidized. Iron in rocks and minerals combines with the oxygen in air to form a different substance. If you have a rusty bike chain, you have seen the effects of oxidation.
 ¹²     Weathering has a great effect on our lives. Potholes in roads are caused by weathering. Our cars rust. Statues and buildings wear away because of weathering.
 ¹³     However, there is a good side to weathering. Weathering helps make soil. Without soil, we would not be able to grow plants for food and to help put oxygen back into the air. Look around you- the effects of weathering are everywhere.
Copyright © 2011 edHelper

ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above

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ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this activity into your journal and complete it there.

Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks

1. The breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface is called ______.   Weathering   Oxidation   Soil	2. Mechanical weathering is also called ______.   Rust   Physical weathering   Oxidation
3. Mechanical weathering changes what the rock is made of.   False   True	4. Explain how water and ice cause mechanical weathering.
5. What are the two most common causes of chemical weathering?	6. Oxygen combining with rocks and minerals is called ______.   Erosion   Oxidation   Mechanical weathering

Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks

ASSIGNMENT= (fully explain in your journal)

Explain how water can cause both mechanical and chemical weathering.

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Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks

ASSIGNMENT= (fully explain in your journal)

How is weathering harmful to us? How is it helpful?

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Assignment=Please copy these questions in your journal and complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

earthquakes tornadoes streak hurricanes erosion luster

_______________	16.	____ can devastate land and people by wrecking buildings and flooding cities.
_______________	17.	The ____ also made volcanoes erupt all over the world.
_______________	18.	When soil and rocks are moved from one place to another, it is called ____.
_______________	19.	Big ____ destroy everything in their path.
_______________	20.	Heavy rainfall can make ____ happen.
_______________	21.	The color of a mineral in powdered form is the ____.
_______________	22.	The house was severely damaged by the ____.
_______________	23.	____ is what makes canyons.
_______________	24.	After washing his red Corvette, Antonio admired its ____ in the sunshine.
_______________	25.	Many ____ form in Kansas and Oklahoma.
_______________	26.	The movement of Earth's plates can cause ____, volcanoes, and other activities.
_______________	27.	The stone had a bright ____.
_______________	28.	____ occur on fault lines.
_______________	29.	Scientists use seismographs to study ____.
_______________	30.	____ BREAKS DOWN THE EARTH. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this activity into your journal and complete it there.

Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks  By Patti Hutchison

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formed able earth form tools oxidation physically tool dissolve combine however process mechanical physical current combines gravity easily roots

Directions:  Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.

     Air, water, ice, and (1)  _______________________  . These are nature's agents of weathering. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks on the(2)  _______________________  's surface. This (3)  _______________________   has been going on since the earth was formed.
     Have you seen pictures of the Grand Canyon? Do you know how it was (4)  _______________________  ? You guessed it- weathering. The water from the Colorado River carved the canyon through the rock around it. Evidence of weathering is all around us.
     There are two kinds of weathering. The first is (5)  _______________________   weathering. A mechanic uses (6)  _______________________   to take your car apart. Nature uses tools such as ice and water to take rocks apart. This is also called (7)  _______________________   weathering.
     Mechanical weathering doesn't change what the rock is made of. It simply changes the size and shape of the rock. There are several ways a rock can be weathered (8)  _______________________  .
     Water and ice are common causes of weathering. Water collects in the cracks of rocks. When water freezes, it expands. This can cause the rocks to split apart. They break down into smaller rocks.
     Pressure is another (9)  _______________________   for weathering. The weight of rock layers on top cause pressure on rocks buried below the surface. Gravity can cause the top layers to be removed. Then the pressure is released. The rocks expand and break apart.
     (10)  _______________________   of trees and plants can also cause mechanical weathering. They can grow into cracks in rocks. As they do this, pressure on the rocks can cause them to break apart.
     There is another (11)  _______________________   of weathering called chemical weathering. Water and oxygen are the most common causes of chemical weathering. They cause chemical changes in rocks.
     Water can (12)  _______________________   many kinds of rocks and minerals. Rivers and streams dissolve the minerals in their banks as they move. The rivers become wider or deeper. The minerals are carried away by the (13)  _______________________  .
     Oxygen makes up about twenty-one percent of our air. It can (14)  _______________________   with many substances. When it does, the chemicals are changed. This is called(15)  _______________________  .
     Iron is a substance that is (16)  _______________________   oxidized. Iron in rocks and minerals (17)  _______________________   with the oxygen in air to form a different substance. If you have a rusty bike chain, you have seen the effects of oxidation.
     Weathering has a great effect on our lives. Potholes in roads are caused by weathering. Our cars rust. Statues and buildings wear away because of weathering.
     (18)  _______________________  , there is a good side to weathering. Weathering helps make soil. Without soil, we would not be (19)  _______________________   to grow plants for food and to help put oxygen back into the air. Look around you- the effects of weathering are everywhere. 

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Copyright © 2011 edHelper

ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this activity into your journal and complete it there.

Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks

1. The breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface is called ______.   Oxidation   Soil   Weathering	2. Mechanical weathering is also called ______.   Oxidation   Rust   Physical weathering
3. Mechanical weathering changes what the rock is made of.   False   True	4. Explain how water and ice cause mechanical weathering.
5. What are the two most common causes of chemical weathering?	6. Oxygen combining with rocks and minerals is called ______.   Oxidation   Mechanical weathering   Erosion

GLACIERS - MECHANICAL?PHYSICAL WEATHERING

GLACIERS

Glaciers are huge ice sheets that slowly move.  They not only transport material as they move, but they also sculpt and carve away the land beneath them. The ice totally changes the landscape. The ice erodes the land surface and carries the broken rocks and soil far from their original locations.

Glaciated valleys are probably the most visible landform caused by the movement of glaciers. Like fjords, they are trough-shaped, often with steep vertical cliffs where entire mountainsides were removed by glacial movement. One of the most striking examples of glaciated valleys can be seen in Yosemite National Park, where glaciers literally sheared away mountainsides, creating deep valleys with vertical walls

ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above

ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this activity into your journal and complete it there.

Assignment=Please double click this site and 

learn about how glaciers change a landscape


http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/glaciers


Hit "run"  Then play with the simulation


Please write 6-10 notes in your journal about 


what you learned from this glacier simulation.












                      PART #2

6th Grade -Materials and Processes That Shape a Planet -6th Grade

2.6.A. Materials and Processes That Shape A Planet   2. Cite evidence to demonstrate and explain that physical weathering and chemical weathering cause changes to Earth materials.       a. Identify examples of physical weathering, such as the effect of wind, ice, etc. and describe the changes caused in each.       b. Describe the changes in materials caused by each of the chemical weathering processes listed:          ▪  Rusting/tarnishing           ▪  Dissolving by acid rain c. Compare physical and chemical weathering and provide examples of changes caused in Earth materials or features by each of these processes.   4. Differentiate among sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks based upon the processes by which they are formed.       a. Identify and describe the processes that form sedimentary rock.          ▪  Deposition                     ▪   Compaction                   ▪  Cementation       b. Identify and describe the processes that form igneous rocks          ▪  Volcanic eruptions                       ▪  Igneous intrusions       c. Identify and describe the processes that form metamorphic rocks.          ▪  High temperature                        ▪  Pressure d. Cite features that can be used as evidence to distinguish among the three types of rocks and relate these features to the processes that form each rock type.       e. Describe the processes that change one form of rock into another (rock cycle). 2.6.C. Plate Tectonics      1. Recognize and describe the internal and external structure of the Earth. a. Recognize and describe that the Earth’s mantle • Lies between the core and the crust • Is very hot • Has properties of both solids and liquid b. Recognize and describe that the Earth’s core • Is at the center of the Earth • Is very hot • Is dense and metalllic c. Identify and describe the Earth’s crust. • The solid crust consists of separate plates • The plates constantly move in different directions due to convection currents • The plates interact with one another as a result of plate motion. 2. Recognize and explain how major geologic events are a result of the movement of Earth’s crustal plates. a. Recognize and describe the evidence for plate movement. • Shape of continents • Continuity of geologic features and fossils on the continents • Ocean rifts, seafloor spreading • Global patterns of earthquakes and volcanoes b. Recognize and explain that major geologic events (earthquakes, volcanic activity, sea floor spreading) occur along crustal plate boundaries. VSC SKILLS AND PROCESSES INDICATORS 1.6-8.A Constructing Knowledge 1. Design, analyze or carry out simple investigations and formulate appropriate conclusions based on the data obtained or provided. 1.6-8.B. Applying Evidence and Reasoning 1. Review data from a simple experiment, summarize the data, and construct a logical argument about the cause-and-effect relationships in the experiment. 1.6-8.C Communicating Scientific Information 1. Develop explanations that explicitly link data from investigations conducted, selected readings and when appropriate, contributions from historical discoveries. 1.6-8.D Making Models   1. Analyze the value and the limitations of different types of models in explaining real things and processes. Secondary VOCABULARY VOCABULARY Inner core Outer core Mantle Crust Lithosphere Asthenosphere Tectonic plate Pangaea Mid- ocean ridges Seafloor spreading Ocean trenches Convection Convection current Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Transform boundary Rift valley Fault Earthquake Subduction Continent Volcano Magma Lava Inner core Outer core Mantle Crust Lithosphere Asthenosphere Tectonic plate Pangaea Mid- ocean ridges Seafloor spreading Ocean trenches Convection Convection current Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Transform boundary Rift valley Fault Earthquake Subduction Continent Volcano Magma Lava PRIMARY  VOCABULARY- LOOK UP AND PUT IN YOUR JOURNAL Weathering Physical Weathering Chemical Weathering Tarnishing Rust Igneous rock Extrusive Intrusive Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock Erosion Deposition Compaction Cementation Sediment Silica Temperature Pressure Rock Cycle Physical Weathering  PRE TEST Two Kinds of Weathering 1. What is weathering?   Rain, snow, sun, and storms   Changes on Earth have been the same throughout time   The breaking down of Earth's solid surface   Changes in temperature because of weather 2. What are two kinds of weathering? 3. Which kind of weathering may produce rust?   Mechanical weathering   Chemical weathering 4. What is the principle of uniformity? 5. Weathering ______.   Wears down mountains   Makes caves   Breaks down rocks into smaller rocks   All of the above 6. Which of these is not a force that causes mechanical weathering?   The sun   Wind   Rain   Ice Please read this article Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks  By Patti Hutchison    1     Air, water, ice, and gravity. These are nature's agents of weathering. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface. This process has been going on since the earth was formed.  2     Have you seen pictures of the Grand Canyon? Do you know how it was formed? You guessed it- weathering. The water from the Colorado River carved the canyon through the rock around it. Evidence of weathering is all around us.  3     There are two kinds of weathering. The first is mechanical weathering. A mechanic uses tools to take your car apart. Nature uses tools such as ice and water to take rocks apart. This is also called physical weathering.  4     Mechanical weathering doesn't change what the rock is made of. It simply changes the size and shape of the rock. There are several ways a rock can be weathered physically.  5     Water and ice are common causes of weathering. Water collects in the cracks of rocks. When water freezes, it expands. This can cause the rocks to split apart. They break down into smaller rocks.   ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above 6     Pressure is another tool for weathering. The weight of rock layers on top cause pressure on rocks buried below the surface. Gravity can cause the top layers to be removed. Then the pressure is released. The rocks expand and break apart.  7     Roots of trees and plants can also cause mechanical weathering. They can grow into cracks in rocks. As they do this, pressure on the rocks can cause them to break apart.  8     There is another form of weathering called chemical weathering. Water and oxygen are the most common causes of chemical weathering. They cause chemical changes in rocks.  9     Water can dissolve many kinds of rocks and minerals. Rivers and streams dissolve the minerals in their banks as they move. The rivers become wider or deeper. The minerals are carried away by the current.   ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above 10     Oxygen makes up about twenty-one percent of our air. It can combine with many substances. When it does, the chemicals are changed. This is called oxidation.  11     Iron is a substance that is easily oxidized. Iron in rocks and minerals combines with the oxygen in air to form a different substance. If you have a rusty bike chain, you have seen the effects of oxidation.  12     Weathering has a great effect on our lives. Potholes in roads are caused by weathering. Our cars rust. Statues and buildings wear away because of weathering.  13     However, there is a good side to weathering. Weathering helps make soil. Without soil, we would not be able to grow plants for food and to help put oxygen back into the air. Look around you- the effects of weathering are everywhere. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above Copyright © 2011 edHelper Name _____________________________ Date ___________________ Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks 1.   The breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface is called ______.   Soil   Weathering   Oxidation 2.   Mechanical weathering is also called ______.   Rust   Physical weathering   Oxidation 3.   Mechanical weathering changes what the rock is made of.   False   True 4.   Explain how water and ice cause mechanical weathering. 5.   What are the two most common causes of chemical weathering? 6.   Oxygen combining with rocks and minerals is called ______.   Oxidation   Mechanical weathering   Erosion Name _____________________________ Date ___________________ Weathering - The Breakup of RocksExplain how water can cause both mechanical and chemical weathering. Name _____________________________ Date ___________________ Weathering - The Breakup of RocksHow is weathering harmful to us? How is it helpful? Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks  By Patti Hutchison    gravity physical rust oxidation roots nature effects easily chain combines several however physically combine soil since effect pressure Directions:  Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.      Air, water, ice, and gravity. These are (1)  _______________________  's agents of weathering. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface. This process has been going on (2)  _______________________   the earth was formed.      Have you seen pictures of the Grand Canyon? Do you know how it was formed? You guessed it- weathering. The water from the Colorado River carved the canyon through the rock around it. Evidence of weathering is all around us.      There are two kinds of weathering. The first is mechanical weathering. A mechanic uses tools to take your car apart. Nature uses tools such as ice and water to take rocks apart. This is also called (3)  _______________________   weathering.      Mechanical weathering doesn't change what the rock is made of. It simply changes the size and shape of the rock. There are (4)  _______________________   ways a rock can be weathered(5)  _______________________  .      Water and ice are common causes of weathering. Water collects in the cracks of rocks. When water freezes, it expands. This can cause the rocks to split apart. They break down into smaller rocks.      Pressure is another tool for weathering. The weight of rock layers on top cause pressure on rocks buried below the surface. (6)  _______________________   can cause the top layers to be removed. Then the pressure is released. The rocks expand and break apart.      (7)  _______________________   of trees and plants can also cause mechanical weathering. They can grow into cracks in rocks. As they do this, (8)  _______________________   on the rocks can cause them to break apart.      There is another form of weathering called chemical weathering. Water and oxygen are the most common causes of chemical weathering. They cause chemical changes in rocks.      Water can dissolve many kinds of rocks and minerals. Rivers and streams dissolve the minerals in their banks as they move. The rivers become wider or deeper. The minerals are carried away by the current.      Oxygen makes up about twenty-one percent of our air. It can (9)  _______________________   with many substances. When it does, the chemicals are changed. This is called(10)  _______________________  .      Iron is a substance that is (11)  _______________________   oxidized. Iron in rocks and minerals (12)  _______________________   with the oxygen in air to form a different substance. If you have a rusty bike (13)  _______________________  , you have seen the effects of oxidation.      Weathering has a great (14)  _______________________   on our lives. Potholes in roads are caused by weathering. Our cars (15)  _______________________  . Statues and buildings wear away because of weathering.      (16)  _______________________  , there is a good side to weathering. Weathering helps make soil. Without (17)  _______________________  , we would not be able to grow plants for food and to help put oxygen back into the air. Look around you- the (18)  _______________________   of weathering are everywhere.  Copyright © 2011 edHelper Name _____________________________ Date ___________________ Weathering - The Breakup of Rocks 1.   The breaking down of rocks on the earth's surface is called ______.   Soil   Weathering   Oxidation 2.   Mechanical weathering is also called ______.   Oxidation   Rust   Physical weathering 3.   Mechanical weathering changes what the rock is made of.   False   True 4.   Explain how water and ice cause mechanical weathering. 5.   What are the two most common causes of chemical weathering? 6.   Oxygen combining with rocks and minerals is called ______.   Oxidation   Mechanical weathering   Erosion Please explain in your journal @ How are physical weathering and chemical weathering different?  … (3-5 sentences) Please explain in your journal @ How does weathering affect the Earth’s surface? (2-4 sentences) Please explain in your journal @ What are the effects of physical and chemical weathering? (2-4 sentences) Please copy this quiz in your journal and complete it therecomplete each sentence. _______________ 1.   The world's largest active (Metamorphic rock, sediments, volcano) is on the island of Hawaii. _______________ 2.   Oxygen acts with iron to form (rust, oxidation, weight) . _______________ 3.   (Erosion, Residue, Sediments) is a process that is so slow it is almost imperceptible. _______________ 4.   The roof could not withstand the (Metamorphic rock, pressure, Cementation) of the rain and collapsed. _______________ 5.   The dropping of materials moved by erosion is called (Pressure, deposition, Chemical weathering) . _______________ 6.   (Chemical, Erosion, Compression) formed the Grand Canyon. _______________ 7.   Metal will (Physical Weathering, scuff, rust) if left outside in the rain. _______________ 8.   I had to use all my (strength, sedimentary rock, filing) to lift the heavy box. _______________ 9.   The (Sediment, Extrusive, temperature) dropped and it became very cold outside. _______________ 10.   (Volcano, Sediment, Scuff) is rock that has been smashed into tiny pieces by weathering. _______________ 11.   Heat can be given off in a (placement, strain, chemical) reaction. _______________ 12.   I wish they would adjust the (residue, temperature, eat away) so it was not freezing in class. _______________ 13.   The terrible storms caused (erosion, oxidation, strain) along the beaches. Please explain in your journal @ What are the agents of physical and chemical weathering? (2-4 sentences) or Two Kinds of WeatheringIn your journal, please describe evidence you have seen of mechanical weathering. What force caused it? Please copy this quiz in your journal and complete it there Complete each sentence using the words in the word list. Temperature strength abrasion decay Deposition Pressure volcano Rust Intrusive Chemical Erosion _______________ 16. The wearing away of rock and soil by water, wind, and ice is called ____. _______________ 17. ____ can cause rocks to deform, or change shape. _______________ 18. The ____ over the last few years made the rocks look smaller. _______________ 19. The ____ creates a sandblasting effect that can erode or smooth rocks. _______________ 20. Metamorphism happens when heat, ____, and moisture changes a rock's structure and shape. _______________ 21. The hot cinders coated the ground after the ____ erupted. _______________ 22. We could not control the room's ____ because the thermostat was broken. _______________ 23. ____ igneous rock usually has a coarse grained texture. _______________ 24. ____ of gravel was the result of the glacier's movement. _______________ 25. When plants and animals die, they ____, or rot. _______________ 26. Iron and water are two substances that combine to form iron oxide or ____. _______________ 27. Iron and oxygen change into iron oxide during a ____ reaction. _______________ 28. The long climb to the top of the mountain exhausted out ____. _______________ 29. ____ formed the Grand Canyon. _______________ 30. The oven must be at the specific ____ to bake the cake. Two Kinds of WeatheringIn your journal, please write a story about a large rock that is weathering. What happens to the rock? Where does it end up? How does it get there? Two Kinds of Weathering  By Cindy Grigg    example principle iron chemical once-solid boulders large main combine makeup part process processes until past chemicals mechanical Directions:  Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.      The Earth's surface is always changing. Some of the changes happen fairly fast. Some changes take a very long time. Scientists believe that the processes that changed the surface of the Earth in the(1)  _______________________   are still the same today. This idea is called the (2)  _______________________   of uniformity. They believe that these (3)  _______________________   have been the same, or uniform, throughout time.      Weathering is one process that changes the Earth's surface. Weathering is the breaking down of the solid part of the Earth's solid surface. Large (4)  _______________________   are broken down into smaller rocks. Rocks are broken down into smaller and smaller pieces (5)  _______________________   they become (6)  _______________________   of the soil. Many things can cause this breaking down: wind, water, ice, plants, animals, and chemical changes. Weathering is a slow process. It is also a continuous (7)  _______________________  . There are two (8)  _______________________   types of weathering. They are (9)  _______________________   and(10)  _______________________   weathering.      Mechanical weathering only changes the size of the rock. The rock's (11)  _______________________   are not changed, and no new substances are created. Chemical weathering is different. It changes the chemical(12)  _______________________   of the rock. New substances are created. For (13)  _______________________  , rocks with (14)  _______________________   in them may rust. Oxygen and iron(15)  _______________________   to create a new substance (rust). The rocks may have a rusty-red color on the outside, but when broken, are dark on the inside.      Weathering changes the Earth. Rocks are torn apart by forces of wind, water, ice, plants, and animals. Chemical changes take place that break down rocks and create new substances. (16)  _______________________   rocks become smaller rocks. Smaller rocks become part of soil. Mountains are worn down. Caves are made in (17)  _______________________   rock. The Earth's surface is always changing.  Copyright © 2011 edHelper Please copy this quiz in your journal and complete it there Complete each sentence. _______________ 14.   the (deposit, deposition, Physical Weathering) of the sediment caused the mountains erosion. _______________ 15.   If there were even traces of volcanic ash, under the microscope, the rocks would have a few tiny smashed bubbles of the mineral (Temperature, silica, deposition) . _______________ 16.   Plant and animal material (decay, tension, placement) in the soil. _______________ 17.   Iron and oxygen change into iron oxide during a (chemical, sediments, Silica) reaction. _______________ 18.   (Erosion, Decay, Cementation) caused the soil to form a huge rock on the beach. _______________ 19.   (Pressure, Chemical weathering, Divergent plates) can cause rocks to deform, or change shape. _______________ 20.   The (abrasion, debris, sedimentary rock) resulting from the explosion blanketed the highway. _______________ 21.   The (Physical Weathering, erosion, Metamorphic rock) of the hillside was caused by water and wind. _______________ 22.   "Ash from the (volcano, Chemical, force) rained down on Pompeii," read Ayush. _______________ 23.   The wind and water caused much (erosion, Tarnishing, metamorphic rock) of the land. _______________ 24.   (Abrasion, Deposition, Volcano) can be caused by water, wind, or ice. _______________ 25.   Niagara Falls causes (erosion, Compaction, sedimentary rock) as its water rushes over the rocks at the edge. Please copy this quiz in your journal and complete it there POST TEST  Two Kinds of Weathering 1. What is weathering?   Rain, snow, sun, and storms   The breaking down of Earth's solid surface   Changes in temperature because of weather   Changes on Earth have been the same throughout time 2. What are two kinds of weathering? 3. Which kind of weathering may produce rust?   Mechanical weathering   Chemical weathering 4. What is the principle of uniformity? 5. Weathering ______.   Wears down mountains   Makes caves   Breaks down rocks into smaller rocks   All of the above 6. Which of these is not a force that causes mechanical weathering?   Rain   Wind   Ice   The sun Please click this website, follow the directions and see how floods change the surface of the Earth http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/pdfs/riverflood_actsheet.pdf           nner core Outer core Mantle Crust Lithosphere Asthenosphere Tectonic plate Pangaea Mid- ocean ridges Seafloor spreading Ocean trenches Convection Convection current Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Transform boundary Rift valley Fault Earthquake Subduction Continent Volcano Magma Lava PRETEST Materials and Processes that Shape a Planet * Required What are the three types of rocks? *  intrusive, igneous, and extrusive  igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic  core, mantle, and crust  sediment, deposition, and compaction Weathering is the same thing as Erosion *  true  false Rock only forms in one way. *  true  false Where does sedimentary rock usually form? *  near lava  on the surface  under water  near the mantle How are rocks classified? *  the color they are  how big they are  how they are formed  where they are found Name a kind of rock. *  Rocks used for building are all the same kind. *  true  false All rock is formed under the Earth's surface. *  true  false Where does sand come from? *  Sand comes from larger pieces of rock.  Sand is formed when lava cools and hardens.  Sand is formed when magma cools and hardens.  Sand is rock that has been compressed. How are most caves formed? *  volcanic explosions  running water  tornadoes  earthquakes How important are rocks to you? * 1 2 3 4 5 very important not important at all Play This Game http://www.kineticcity.com/mindgames/warper/ Explain in your journal what you learned from playing this game Types of Rocks Rocks are not all the same! The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment. Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time hardens into rock. Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may break apart or crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock, and it is usually the only type that contains fossils. Examples of this rock type include conglomerate and limestone. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above Metamorphic Metamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the earth from the metamorphosis (change) that occurs due to intense heat and pressure (squeezing). The rocks that result from these processes often have ribbonlike layers and may have shiny crystals, formed by minerals growing slowly over time, on their surface. Examples of this rock type include gneiss and marble. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above Igneous Igneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock deep within the earth) cools and hardens. Sometimes the magma cools inside the earth, and other times it erupts onto the surface from volcanoes (in this case, it is called lava). When lava cools very quickly, no crystals form and the rock looks shiny and glasslike. Sometimes gas bubbles are trapped in the rock during the cooling process, leaving tiny holes and spaces in the rock. Examples of this rock type include basalt and obsidian. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above Here's a chart of some of the key characteristics that can help you identify the rocks within these three main classes. Crystals Small, flat surfaces that are shiny or sparkly, like tiny mirrors. Fossils Imprints of leaves, shells, insects, or other items in the rock. Gas bubbles "Holes," like Swiss cheese, in the rock. Glassy surface A shiny and smooth surface, like colored glass. Ribbonlike layers Straight or wavy stripes of different colors in the rock. Sand or pebbles Individual stones, pebbles, or sand grains visible in the rock. Play This Game http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types2.html http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types2.html How Rocks Change Introduction Does it seem to you that rocks never change? For example, if you find a chunk of granite today, can you expect that it will still be granite at the end of your lifetime? That may well be true — but only because our lifetimes are very short relative to the history of the earth. If we take a step back to look at geologic time (which focuses on changes taking place over millions of years), we find that rocks actually do change! All rocks, in fact, change slowly from one type to another, again and again. The changes form a cycle, called "the rock cycle." The way rocks change depends on various processes that are always taking place on and under the earth's surface. Now let's take a closer look at each of these processes. Heat & Pressure What happens to cookie dough when you put it in the oven? The heat of the oven produces changes in the ingredients that make them interact and combine. Without melting the dough, the heat changes it into a whole new product — a cookie. A similar process happens to rocks beneath the earth's surface. Due to movements in the crust, rocks are frequently pulled under the surface of the earth, where temperatures increase dramatically the farther they descend. Between 100 and 200 kilometers (62 and 124 miles) below the earth's surface, temperatures are hot enough to melt most rocks. However, before the melting point is reached, a rock can undergo fundamental changes while in a solid state — morphing from one type to another without melting. An additional factor that can transform rocks is the pressure caused by tons of other rocks pressing down on it from above; heat and pressure usually work together to alter the rocks under the earth's surface. This kind of change, which results from both rising temperature and pressure, is called metamorphism, and the resulting rock is a metamorphic rock. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above  Next       About this Interactive  |  Glossary  |  Rock Cycle Site Map  Home | Catalog | About Us | Search | Contact Us | Site Map | |  © Annenberg Foundation 2011. All rights reserved. Legal Policy How Rocks Change Melting What happens to a chocolate bar when it gets very hot? It melts. The same thing happens to a rock when it is heated enough. Of course, it takes a lot of heat to melt a rock. The high temperatures required are generally found only deep within the earth. The rock is pulled down by movements in the earth's crust and gets hotter and hotter as it goes deeper. It takes temperatures between 600 and 1,300 degrees Celsius (1,100 and 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit) to melt a rock, turning it into a substance called magma (molten rock).  ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above Cooling What would you do to turn a melted chocolate bar back into a solid? You'd cool it by putting it into the refrigerator until it hardens. Similarly, liquid magma also turns into a solid — a rock — when it is cooled. Any rock that forms from the cooling of magma is an igneous rock. Magma that cools quickly forms one kind of igneous rock, and magma that cools slowly forms another kind. When magma rises from deep within the earth and explodes out of a volcano, it is called lava, and it cools quickly on the surface. Rock formed in this way is called extrusive igneous rock. It is extruded, or pushed, out of the earth's interior and cools outside of or very near the earth's surface. What if the magma doesn't erupt out of a volcano, but instead gets pushed slowly upward toward the earth's surface over hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years? This magma will also cool, but at a much slower rate than lava erupting from a volcano. The kind of rock formed in this way is called intrusive igneous rock. It intrudes, or pushes, into the earth's interior and cools beneath the surface. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above <> How Rocks Change Weathering & Erosion What do dandelions rely on to separate their seeds, carry them, and deposit them elsewhere? The wind. All objects on the earth's surface are exposed to the wind, along with many other elements — water, the sun, temperature changes. Over time, these factors wear objects down and break them apart. The resulting bits and pieces of material are called sediment. Sediment is then transported by wind and water, often ending up far from where it started. These processes of breakdown and transport due to exposure to the environment are called weathering and erosion. Weathering and erosion affect all rocks on the earth's surface. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above Compacting & Cementing What happens to a loose pile of garbage when it's put into a compactor? The squeezing of the machine produces a solid cube of compacted garbage. The same thing happens to sediment formed from the weathering and erosion of rock. Over time, sediment accumulates in oceans, lakes, and valleys, eventually building up in layers and weighing down the material underneath. This weight presses the sediment particles together, compacting them. Water passing through the spaces in between the particles helps to cement them together even more. This process of compacting and cementing sediment forms sedimentary rock. ASSIGNMENT=Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it from the reading above Transform the Rock See if you can identify the processes that can change rocks from type to another. PLAY THIS Game Transform the Rhttp://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types2.htmlock See if you can identify the processes that can change rocks from type to another. http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types2.html http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/diagram2.html