Sunday, August 28, 2011

6th Grade Unit#1 -Earth History Homework





6th Grade Unit#1 -Earth History Homework




Directions: Please copy these homeworks in your journal and answer them in your journal.
Be sure to do one per night  









HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#1




Date ___________________
(Key 1 - Answer ID # 0277770)
Write each word three times.
Law of Superposition  








Sediments  








fossil  








Cast  








adaptation  








time  








Period  








Cementation  








Petrified Remains  








natural selection  








Deposition  








Radioactive decay  








Fossil  








cast  








Evolution  




















HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#2




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
(Key 1 - Answer ID # 0277770)
Write the letter for the word that best matches the definition.



 1.  When the entire organism is preserved. Ways this could take place are in tar, amber(hardened sap) or by freezing.



 2.  someone who studies rocks and earth



 3.  Become invisible or unnoticeable.  



 4.  an object that early people had made



 5.  a law that states that successive layers of rock or soil were deposited on top of one another and the lowest level is oldest



 6.  The formation of large rocks from particles of sediment that occurs as pressure is applied.



 7.  The preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past



 8.  any structure or behavior that helps an organism survive in its enviornment; develops in a population over a long period of time.



 9.  An impression produced by pressure or printing.  



 10.  The term used to describe the process advanced by Charles Darwin that plants and animals best suited for their conditions survive to pass on their dominant traits



 11.  process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind that is carrying it.



 12.  Fossils that form when some or all of the original materials that made up organisms are replaced with minerals.


A.  natural selection

B.  Cementation

C.  Petrified Remains

D.  adaptation

E.  Imprints

F.  Law of Superposition

G.  Fossil

H.  Deposition

I.  disappeared

J.  Preserved Remains

K.  artifact

L.  Geologist














HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#3






Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

PaleontologistDepositionGeologistExtinctEra
CementationSedimentsartifactFossil

_______________1.  The ____ studied the earth's core.
_______________2.  After a period of time ____ become pressed together to form rock.
_______________3.  Increases in pressure and temperature cause lithification, the process that changes ____ into sedimentary rock.
_______________4.  Volcanoes are described as active, dormant, or ____.
_______________5.  The Mesozoic ____ began 245 million years ago.
_______________6.  ____ are materials or matter carried by moving water.
_______________7.  The ____ was deposited by the wind.
_______________8.  The ____ is looking for dinosaur fossils.
_______________9.  The ____ studied the fossils to dtermine the age of the dinosaur.
_______________10.  Fossilized bones gave the ____ clues to early man.
_______________11.  The Anasazi left more than one ____ behind at Mesa Verde.
_______________12.  ____ can be caused by water, wind, or ice.
_______________13.  A ____ is remains of a plant or animal that lived long ago.
_______________14.  The Dodo bird is now ____.
_______________15.  I have never seen any examples of ____.
_______________16.  ____ takes place when small pieces of sediment come together when under pressure.












HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#4




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

PaleontologistadaptationGeologistartifactEra
DepositionSedimentsEvolutionFossil

_______________17.  ____ are pieces of rock, shells, and other things.
_______________18.  Sedimentary rock can be formed from ____ such as sand that is pressed or cemented together.
_______________19.  the ____ of the sediment caused the mountains erosion.
_______________20.  ____ fuels, named because they developed from fossils, include coal, oil and natural gas.
_______________21.  The ____ found a rare fossil.
_______________22.  Charles Darwin was the creator of the Theory of ____.
_______________23.  Miss Edwards's class took the ancient bone to the ____ for study.
_______________24.  The ____ found a rare fossil specimen.
_______________25.  The ____ of earth's surface creates landforms such as: deltas, alluvial fans and meanders.
_______________26.  A delta is formed by the ____ of silt at the mouth of a river.
_______________27.  The smelly spray of a skunk is an ____ that protects it.
_______________28.  He used radiocarbon dating to determine how old the ____ was.
_______________29.  Gymnosperms first appeared in the Paleozoic ____ and continued to adapt to their changing environment.
_______________30.  The ____ analyzed the structure of the mineral.
_______________31.  Rocks and sediment are forms of ____.












HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#5




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

CementationSedimentsEvolutionExtinctEra
DepositionGeologistartifactFossil

_______________32.  A ____ is a scientist who studies rocks to learn about the history and structure of the Earth.
_______________33.  The rocks formed as the ____ were crushed together over millions of years.
_______________34.  By studying a stratum of rock, you can learn a lot about a geolical ____.
_______________35.  The ____ had a fern imprint on it.
_______________36.  Through ____, new organims are created.
_______________37.  ____ harden into sedimentary rock on the earth's surface.
_______________38.  Deltas are formed by ____.
_______________39.  If one species of animal becomes ____, it will impact all other plants and animals in that ecosystem.
_______________40.  Changes in the environment effect the ____ of populations.
_______________41.  The paleontologist showed us some of the ____ remains he had uncovered.
_______________42.  He found an American Indian ____ while digging in his backyard.
_______________43.  As the buffalo began to decrease sharply in numbers, conservationists feared that it might become totally ____.
_______________44.  ____ caused the soil to form a huge rock on the beach.
_______________45.  ____ made by weathering are put in a new place by deposition.














HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#6




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

PaleontologistadaptationGeologistartifact
CementationSedimentsEvolutionFossil

_______________46.  ____ fuels are nonrenewable resources.
_______________47.  I would like to become a ____ and travel around the world.
_______________48.  The ____ showed us some of the fossil remains he had uncovered.
_______________49.  "Survival of the fittest" was part of Darwin's theory of ____.
_______________50.  ____ binds particles and rock fragments together.
_______________51.  The ____ had a fern imprint on it.
_______________52.  What type of ____ did the dinosaur use to eat meat?
_______________53.  An ____ belonging to another King Tut was found by Indiana Jones.
_______________54.  The ____ found the animals prints in the rock.
_______________55.  The ____ found the woolly mammoth completely preserved in the ice.
_______________56.  The students saw an ____ of a caveman who lived during the Ice Age in the museum.
_______________57.  A leaf fell into the peat and became a ____.
_______________58.  A ____ can estimate the age of a fossil by examining the stratum.
_______________59.  The ____ showed us some of the fossils he had found.
_______________60.  It takes alot of ____ to make a large sedimentary rock.
_______________61.  An ____ of many animals that hunt at night is larger eyes.














HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#7




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

PaleontologistDepositionGeologistExtinctFossil
CementationadaptationartifactPeriodEra

_______________62.  The ____ was surprised to find igneous rocks in this area.
_______________63.  The Anasazi Indians left more than one ____ of cooking utensils behind at Mesa Verde.
_______________64.  The ____ worked very carefully when digging up a fossil.
_______________65.  A person's teeth is a structural ____.
_______________66.  The ____ had a fish imprint on it.
_______________67.  The ____ of an animal to its surroundings will help it survive.
_______________68.  ____ fuels are nonrenewable and are in danger of running out.
_______________69.  The cambrian ____ was an era of explosive change on earth.
_______________70.  The hidden treasure was found by the ____.
_______________71.  The ____ came to the Adirondacks to study rock formation.
_______________72.  Sand, silt and rock are left at the mouth of a river through a process called ____.
_______________73.  Amphibians first appeared during the Devonian ____.
_______________74.  The paleontologists made a cast of the print ____.
_______________75.  Although the dinosaurs once lived, they are now ____.
_______________76.  When a rock has gone through ____, it is like cementing it to something else.















HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#8





Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence.


_______________1.  He found an American Indian (artifact, vanished, Era) while digging in his backyard.
_______________2.  (Cast, Fossil, Cementation) fuels are nonrenewable and are in danger of running out.
_______________3.  The paleontologists made a cast of the print (adaptation, Era, fossil) .
_______________4.  As the buffalo began to decrease sharply in numbers, conservationists feared that it might become totally (Sediments, extinct, adaptation) .
_______________5.  The (cast, paleontologist, fossil) worked very carefully when digging up a fossil.
_______________6.  The (Compaction, geologist, Cementation) was surprised to find igneous rocks in this area.
_______________7.  The Dodo bird is now (time, Radioactive decay, extinct) .
_______________8.  Miss Edwards's class took the ancient bone to the (adaptation, Extinct, paleontologist) for study.
_______________9.  The Mesozoic (era, Fossil, trace fossils) began 245 million years ago.
_______________10.  The (Deposition, Extinct, geologist) came to the Adirondacks to study rock formation.
_______________11.  What type of (Extinct, Preserved Remains, adaptation) did the dinosaur use to eat meat?
_______________12.  (Petrified Remains, Cementation, Geologist) binds particles and rock fragments together.













HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#9




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence.


_______________13.  The (Law of Superposition, time, fossil) had a fern imprint on it.
_______________14.  (Geologist, Fossil, Deposition) fuels are nonrenewable resources.
_______________15.  The smelly spray of a skunk is an (Deposition, adaptation, Period) that protects it.
_______________16.  (Compaction, Sediments, paleontologist) can estimate the age of a fossil by examining the stratum.
_______________17.  It takes alot of (Fossil, sediments, Deposition) to make a large sedimentary rock.
_______________18.  The (paleontologist, fossil, Preserved Remains) showed us some of the fossil remains he had uncovered.
_______________19.  Volcanoes are described as active, dormant, or (natural selection, disappeared, extinct) .
_______________20.  Rocks and sediment are forms of (deposition, Cast, Sediments) .
_______________21.  Through (evolution, Petrified Remains, time) , new organims are created.
_______________22.  An (vanished, adaptation, artifact) of many animals that hunt at night is larger eyes.
_______________23.  The paleontologist showed us some of the (fossil, Petrified Remains, Extinct) remains he had uncovered.
_______________24.  (Artifact, Sediments, Disappeared) are pieces of rock, shells, and other things.













HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#10




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence.


_______________25.  The Mesozoic (Sediments, adaptation, era) is the geological era that started 225 million years ago and lasted 160 million years.
_______________26.  The (trace fossils, Era, adaptation) of an animal to its surroundings will help it survive.
_______________27.  the (deposition, Fossil, Cementation) of the sediment caused the mountains erosion.
_______________28.  Charles Darwin was the creator of the Theory of (cast, Period, Evolution) .
_______________29.  The (Fossil, Period, geologist) found a rare fossil specimen.
_______________30.  (Compaction, Fossil, Disappeared) fuels, named because they developed from fossils, include coal, oil and natural gas.
_______________31.  The (paleontologist, disappeared, natural selection) is looking for dinosaur fossils.
_______________32.  Sand, silt and rock are left at the mouth of a river through a process called (deposition, Petrified Remains, fossil) .
_______________33.  The (trace fossils, vanished, geologist) found a diamond on his rock hunting trip!
_______________34.  The (paleontologist, Period, Geologist) studied the fossils to dtermine the age of the dinosaur.
_______________35.  The (Law of Superposition, time, fossil) had a fish imprint on it.
_______________36.  When a rock has gone through (cementation, Preserved Remains, fossil) , it is like cementing it to something else.
_______________37.  Deltas are formed by (cast, Evolution, deposition) .













HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#12




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence.


_______________38.  The (natural selection, sediments, Era) was deposited by the wind.
_______________39.  The (Period, fossil, scientists) had a fern imprint on it.
_______________40.  The (Evolution, paleontologist, Compaction) showed us some of the fossils he had found.
_______________41.  (Artifact, Scientists, Cementation) caused the soil to form a huge rock on the beach.
_______________42.  The whole beach is made up of (Preserved Remains, sediments, Radioactive decay) called sand.
_______________43.  Fossilized bones gave the (Era, Cast, paleontologist) clues to early man.
_______________44.  Since coal was formed from the decayed bodies of plants that lived many millions of years ago, it is considered a kind of (artifact, Cast, fossil) fuel.
_______________45.  By studying a stratum of rock, you can learn a lot about a geolical (Extinct, era, Geologist) .
_______________46.  He used radiocarbon dating to determine how old the (trace fossils, Imprints, artifact) was.
_______________47.  Gymnosperms first appeared in the Paleozoic (Evolution, era, Preserved Remains) and continued to adapt to their changing environment.
_______________48.  The (Cementation, trace fossils, paleontologist) found the animals prints in the rock.
_______________49.  (Cementation, geologist, adaptation) is a scientist who studies rocks to learn about the history and structure of the Earth.













HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#13




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence.


_______________50.  The (Petrified Remains, Imprints, geologist) studied the earth's core.
_______________51.  A leaf fell into the peat and became a (Radioactive decay, Preserved Remains, fossil) .
_______________52.  (Fossil, Time, Sediments) are materials or matter carried by moving water.
_______________53.  Many stone tools were used during the Paleolithic (Fossil, period, Deposition) .
_______________54.  Sedimentary rock can be formed from (sediments, Imprints, Period) such as sand that is pressed or cemented together.
_______________55.  The (Extinct, Paleontologist, deposition) of earth's surface creates landforms such as: deltas, alluvial fans and meanders.
_______________56.  I would like to become a (Law of Superposition, geologist, Sediments) and travel around the world.
_______________57.  The (scientists, paleontologist, Law of Superposition) found the woolly mammoth completely preserved in the ice.
_______________58.  I have never seen any examples of (Paleontologist, cementation, Geologist) .
_______________59.  If one species of animal becomes (Fossil, extinct, Cast) , it will impact all other plants and animals in that ecosystem.
_______________60.  Although the dinosaurs once lived, they are now (Law of Superposition, extinct, fossil) .
_______________61.  The Anasazi Indians left more than one (artifact, disappeared, Paleontologist) of cooking utensils behind at Mesa Verde.













HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#14




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence.


_______________62.  Increases in pressure and temperature cause lithification, the process that changes (scientists, trace fossils, sediments) into sedimentary rock.
_______________63.  (natural selection, vanished, fossil) is remains of a plant or animal that lived long ago.
_______________64.  The Anasazi left more than one (scientists, Extinct, artifact) behind at Mesa Verde.
_______________65.  The (Radioactive decay, geologist, Era) analyzed the structure of the mineral.
_______________66.  The cambrian (Paleontologist, scientists, era) was an era of explosive change on earth.
_______________67.  The rocks formed as the (sediments, trace fossils, Cementation) were crushed together over millions of years.
_______________68.  A person's teeth is a structural (Imprints, adaptation, Evolution) .
_______________69.  Scientists have suggested that the dinosaur became (cast, extinct, scientists) around 65 million years ago.
_______________70.  An (artifact, Radioactive decay, Deposition) belonging to another King Tut was found by Indiana Jones.
_______________71.  Amphibians first appeared during the Devonian (Paleontologist, Sediments, period) .
_______________72.  Changes in the environment effect the (Paleontologist, evolution, vanished) of populations.
_______________73.  A delta is formed by the (vanished, natural selection, deposition) of silt at the mouth of a river.













HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#15




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence.


_______________74.  (Period, Cast, Sediments) made by weathering are put in a new place by deposition.
_______________75.  The students saw an (Fossil, Petrified Remains, artifact) of a caveman who lived during the Ice Age in the museum.
_______________76.  The hidden treasure was found by the (Preserved Remains, geologist, natural selection) .
_______________77.  (Adaptation, Cementation, Evolution) takes place when small pieces of sediment come together when under pressure.
_______________78.  After a period of time (Imprints, sediments, Cast) become pressed together to form rock.
_______________79.  (Geologist, Compaction, Deposition) can be caused by water, wind, or ice.
_______________80.  (Sediments, Law of Superposition, Radioactive decay) harden into sedimentary rock on the earth's surface.
_______________81.  The (geologist, disappeared, Cast) found a rare fossil.
_______________82.  "Survival of the fittest" was part of Darwin's theory of (Geologist, Imprints, evolution) .












HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#16




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

SedimentsExtinctFossil

GeologistPeriodEra


_______________77.  Since coal was formed from the decayed bodies of plants that lived many millions of years ago, it is considered a kind of ____ fuel.
_______________78.  Many stone tools were used during the Paleolithic ____.
_______________79.  The Mesozoic ____ is the geological era that started 225 million years ago and lasted 160 million years.
_______________80.  The whole beach is made up of ____ called sand.
_______________81.  The ____ found a diamond on his rock hunting trip!
_______________82.  Scientists have suggested that the dinosaur became ____ around 65 million years ago.



















HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#17






Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Rewrite each sentence in the correct order and using the correct punctuation.

1. of millions decayed that years ago formed plants of lived it coal Since the of fuel many from was bodies kind considered a fossil is . ,


2. geologist is to rocks history about structure and A a learn the Earth scientist of studies the who .


3. Although extinct they once are lived now the dinosaurs . ,


4. animal of is A remains long plant ago lived fossil a or that .


5. began ago 245 The Mesozoic era years million .


6. that An of many hunt adaptation is eyes larger animals at night .


7. named natural fossils include gas fuels developed from they Fossil because coal and oil , . , ,


8. found the animals the prints The in paleontologist rock .














HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#18




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Rewrite each sentence in the correct order and using the correct punctuation.

9. became A fossil leaf and fell a the into peat .


10. millions of together The were over sediments years rocks the formed crushed as .


11. the world would around become like and a travel geologist I to .


12. used old to the how radiocarbon determine He was artifact dating .


13. at Mesa more of Indians Anasazi cooking The than artifact one behind Verde utensils left .


14. be such or pressed cemented as can sand that from is Sedimentary sediments together formed rock .


15. artifact behind left at Verde than more one Mesa Anasazi The .


16. The a print paleontologists cast fossil made the of .














HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#19




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Rewrite each sentence in the correct order and using the correct punctuation.

17. mammoth woolly The in found ice the preserved the completely paleontologist .


18. rare specimen found geologist a fossil The .


19. rock a deposition are Sand called at river process through of the and a silt mouth left , .


20. in rocks this The area igneous to was find geologist surprised .


21. help animal survive will The it to an its adaptation surroundings of .


22. formation to the Adirondacks came study rock to The geologist .


23. remains us he fossil showed the of The some had paleontologist uncovered .


24. pieces and things rock other are shells of Sediments , , .















HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#20






Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Rewrite each sentence in the correct order and using the correct punctuation.

25. The of he fossils some us showed paleontologist had the found .


26. during first Amphibians appeared Devonian period the .


27. By learn stratum a a of a geolical rock lot can studying you about era , .


28. imprint The on had fossil a fern it .


29. sediments was by The the wind deposited .


30. 65 extinct became Scientists million dinosaur the around suggested that have years ago .


31. that extinct sharply might decrease numbers feared in to buffalo become it conservationists the began As totally . ,


32. in will one plants it and species ecosystem animals If extinct animal becomes impact of that other all . ,














HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#21




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Rewrite each sentence in the correct order and using the correct punctuation.

33. type dinosaur meat the use adaptation did to eat of What ?


34. effect the in Changes the of environment populations evolution .


35. is for looking fossils paleontologist The dinosaur .


36. and are Fossil of nonrenewable out danger fuels in running are .


37. s The geologist studied earth the core ' .


38. by can water ice be Deposition or wind caused . , ,


39. made Sediments a in put place by are weathering by deposition new .


40. the of museum students who artifact the caveman a an The lived during Ice saw in Age .


41. deposition are formed by Deltas .














HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#22




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Rewrite each sentence in the correct order and using the correct punctuation.

42. in changes rock the lithification process cause temperature into sediments that sedimentary and Increases pressure , .


43. such alluvial creates of s deltas deposition as: meanders earth and surface The fans landforms . ' ,


44. The on rock geologist hunting diamond trip his found a !


45. a fish The imprint fossil it on had .


46. The adaptation smelly protects skunk that a is spray it an of .


47. digging paleontologist The when fossil worked carefully very up a .


48. the the of mineral structure geologist The analyzed .


49. have examples cementation never of any seen I .










HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#24






Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Rewrite each sentence in the correct order and using the correct punctuation.

50. Evolution creator the was Darwin Charles of Theory of the .


51. a beach Cementation to form the caused on the rock huge soil .


52. fossils to The studied paleontologist the of dtermine the the dinosaur age .


53. fittest" of part the evolution of s " Survival of Darwin was theory ; ' ; .


54. now is bird extinct The Dodo .


55. at is formed the A silt of river by the a mouth of delta deposition .


56. Volcanoes as active described dormant extinct are or . , ,


57. fuels resources nonrenewable Fossil are .












HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#25






Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Rewrite each sentence in the correct order and using the correct punctuation.

58. of us had paleontologist some the he remains fossil uncovered The showed .


59. gave paleontologist Fossilized to the bones clues man early .


60. of stratum the fossil estimate examining paleontologist the age by a can A .


61. era era of on was change an cambrian The earth explosive .


62. sediment are deposition Rocks and of forms .


63. pieces when place pressure Cementation takes when small of together sediment come under .


64. a together After become rock sediments form period to pressed of time .


65. artifact Indiana King by to Tut belonging An was found Jones another .














HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#26




Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
Rewrite each sentence in the correct order and using the correct punctuation.

66. the in to appeared Gymnosperms Paleozoic and first era changing continued their environment to adapt .


67. together binds fragments rock Cementation particles and .


68. new are Through created evolution organims . ,


69. paleontologist s to took for Edwards ancient Miss study the bone the class ' .


70. hidden geologist was found The by treasure the .


71. mountains erosion sediment the the caused of the deposition .


72. fossil found geologist rare The a .


73. sedimentary harden surface rock s earth the into Sediments on ' .














HOMEWORK   Name        Date           Day#27






Name _____________________________
Date ___________________
(Key 1 - Answer ID # 0277770)
Select the definition that most nearly defines the given word.
1.  disappeared
 Become invisible or unnoticeable.  
 A particular moment measured by hours, minutes, and seconds on a clock.
2.  artifact
 a man-made item from long ago
 the pressing together of rocks, sediment, and so on to make a hard mass
3.  adaptation
 an object created when sediment fills a mold and become rock
 Changes made over time by a species of plant or animal allowing it to survive in an environment.
4.  Period
 A unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed.  
 process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass.
5.  Deposition
 process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind that is carrying it.
 fossillized tracks and other evedince of animals activity.
6.  Imprints
 an impression left in sediment before it hardens
 the oldest fossils are in the lowest/bottom layer most recent are closest to top
7.  Extinct
 not living any more, gone forever
 Something that helps the animal survive.
8.  Compaction
 process where populations get inherited changes over time
 Squeezing together of sediments to form rock.
9.  Paleontologist
 scienctist who studies ancient life forms
 pieces of earth and rock that have been deposited by water, wind, or ice.
10.  Evolution
 the material from a liquid that settles to the bottom
 A process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage).  
11.  natural selection
 The idea that those organisms best adapted to their environment will be the ones most likely to survive
 to press or pack together.
12.  fossil
 a preserved clue to life on Earth long ago
 People who use experimentation, observation, and data analysis to draw conclusions.
13.  Sediments
 people who observe and test facts to learn more about the world
 pieces of earth and rock that have been deposited by water, wind, or ice.
14.  cast
 A period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event.  
 an object created when sediment fills a mold and become rock

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