Bradford Science Center: 8th Grade Unit#1 -Mechanics

8th Grade Unit#1 -Mechanics

motion

VSC CONTENT INDICATORS AND OBJECTIVES

The shaded concepts are tested on the MSA and should be the focus of this unit.

5.8.A. Mechanics

1. Develop an explanation of motion using the relationships among time, distance, velocity, and acceleration.

a. Observe, describe, and compare the motions of objects using position,

speed, velocity, and the direction.

b. Based on data given or collected, graph and calculate average speed using distance and time.

c. Compare accelerated and constant motions using time, distance, and velocity.

d. Describe and calculate acceleration using change in the speed and time.

2. Identify and relate formal ideas (Newton’s Laws) about the interaction of force and motion to real world experiences.

a. Investigate and explain the interaction of force and motion that causes objects that are at rest to move.

b. Demonstrate and explain, through a variety of examples, that moving objects will stay in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

c. Investigate and collect data from multiple trials, about the motion that explain the motion that results when the same force acts on objects of different mass; and when different amounts of force act on objects of the same mass.

d. Based on data collected and organized, explain qualitatively the relationship between net force applied to an object and its mass for a given acceleration.

e. Calculate the net force given the mass and acceleration.

3. Recognize and explain that every object exerts gravitational force on every other object.

a. Explain the difference between mass and weight.

· Mass is a measure of inertia

· Weight is a measure of the force of gravity.

b. Describe the relationship between the gravitational force and the masses of the attracting objects.

c. Describe the relationship between the gravitational force and the distance between the attracting objects.

d. Recognize and cite examples showing that mass remains the same in all locations while weight may vary with a change in location (weight on Earth compared to weight on moon).

e. Recognize that gravity is the force that holds planets, moons, and satellites in their orbits.

4. Recognize and explain that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather it changes form or is transferred through the action of forces.

a. Observe and describe the relationship between the distance an object is moved by a force and the change in its potential energy or kinetic energy, such as in a slingshot, in mechanical toys, the position of an object and its potential energy..

b. Identify the relationship between the amount of energy transferred (work) to the product of the applied force and the distance moved in the direction of that force.

c. Identify and describe that simple machines (levers and inclined planes) may reduce the amount of effort required to do work.

· Calculate input and output work using force and distance

· Demonstrate that input work is always greater than output work

VSC SKILLS AND PROCESSES INDICATORS

1.6-8.A Constructing Knowledge

1. Design, analyze or carry out simple investigations and formulate appropriate conclusions based on the data obtained or provided.

1.6-8.B. Applying Evidence and Reasoning

1. Review data from a simple experiment, summarize the data, and construct a logical argument about the cause-and-effect relationships in the experiment.

1.6-8.C Communicating Scientific Information

1. Develop explanations that explicitly link data from investigations conducted, selected readings and when appropriate, contributions from historical discoveries.

1.6-8.D Making Models

1. Analyze the value and the limitations of different types of models in explaining real things and processes.

CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING

· The motion of an object is determined by its change of position relative to a reference point.

· Displacement refers to the overall change in position of an object.

· Speed describes how fast an object is moving.

· Velocity is speed plus direction.

· The velocity of an object changes when either/both the speed or direction of motion changes.

· An object moving in a circle at constant speed is accelerating because the direction of motion is continuously changing.

· Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.

· Acceleration involves increasing speed, decreasing speed, or changing direction.

· Motion of an object falling freely is an example of constant acceleration-motion.

· In the absence of air resistance, all objects regardless of mass fall with the same acceleration.

· When the net force or unbalanced force acting on an object is zero, the object either remains at rest or moves with constant velocity. Otherwise, the object accelerates.

· Inertia is the property of an object that enables it to resist change in state of motion.

· The net force or unbalanced force acting on an object is directly proportional and always in the same direction as the acceleration of the body.

· For a given acceleration, the net force varies proportionally with mass. The greater the mass, the more force is needed to produce a given acceleration.

· For a given net force, the acceleration varies inversely with mass. The greater the mass, the smaller the acceleration produced for a given net force exerted.

· For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

· Energy is the ability to do work.

· Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be converted from one form into another.

· Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion. The greater the speed, the greater is the kinetic energy.

· Potential energy is the energy of an object due to its position. The greater the height to which an object is raised or the more a spring is stretched/ compressed, the greater is its potential energy.

PRETEST-Copy these questions into your journal and answer them there (as best as you can)

Under what circumstances is an object accelerating?

· If an object is moving with constant speed, does it necessarily move with constant velocity?

· What is the acceleration of an object if it is moving with constant velocity of 400 m/s?

· What is the acceleration of an object thrown up in the air when it reaches its highest point?

· What happens to the acceleration of an object thrown straight up while it is rising?

· Under what circumstances is the net force acting on an object equal to zero?

· What is the net force acting on an object that is moving in a circle at constant speed?

· How does the acceleration of an object change with the net force acting on it?

· Why do you lurch forward in a bus that suddenly slows? Why do you lurch backward when it picks up speed?

· A force of gravity pulls downward on a book on a table. What force prevents the book from accelerating downward?

· Why does the action-reaction pair of forces in Newton’s Third Law not cancel?

· How does the force exerted by the Sun on the Earth as the Earth moves around the Sun compare to the force that the Earth exerts on the Sun?

· What property of an object refers to its resistance to change in state of motion?

· How does friction affect the net force on an object?

· How great is the force of friction compared with your push on a crate that doesn’t move on a level floor?

· If the mass of a sliding object is tripled while a constant net force is applied, by how much does the acceleration change?

· If the speed of a moving object is doubled, by how much does its kinetic energy change?

· What happens to the kinetic energy of an object that is thrown straight up in the air while the object is rising? Where does the kinetic energy go?

· An object is dropped from a certain height above the ground. In the absence of air resistance, how does the kinetic energy of the object just before it hits the ground compare with its potential energy when it was released?

· Describe the energy transformation of a swinging pendulum.

FIRST BIG ASSIGNMENT - Please look up these words in dictionaries and encyclopedias and put the words and their definitions in your journal.

VOCABULARY

Distance

Displacement

Speed

Acceleration

Mass

Inertia

Force

Net force

Equilibrium

Gravity

Friction

Newton’s First Law

Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Third Law

Action-reaction forces

Energy

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

Conservation of energy

Assignment=Please double click this web site and scroll down to "Kinetic Energy" and click there

http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078600472/student_view0/brainpop_movies.html#

Then watch the power point and take 20 notes from the movie in your journal

Finally click the quiz, copy each question in your journal and take it there

Please copy these questions into your journal and answer them there

Date ___________________

Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

Acceleration	Friction	Inertia	Energy
Equilibrium	Distance	Gravity	Speed

_______________	1.	The ____ shown on the map is out of proportion.
_______________	2.	His quick ____ helped him win the moto cross race.
_______________	3.	Some planets do not have ____.
_______________	4.	Use the highway map, Matthew, to find the ____ from New York City to Los Angeles.
_______________	5.	When she rubbed her hands together the ____ made them warmer.
_______________	6.	Although my grandmother's house is a considerable ____ from town, she walks to the post office there every day.
_______________	7.	__ __ has to do with rest and motion.
_______________	8.	After the hard blow to his head, Nick found he lost his sense of ____.
_______________	9.	The gasoline is an example of chemical potential ____.
_______________	10.	___ _ and agility gave an advantage to Coelophysis when facing a hungry armored phytosaur.
_______________	11.	My brother's state of ____ is changed only when my mother calls him for a meal.
_______________	12.	Jonas felt the crescendo of ____ as he slide down the hill on the sled.
_______________	13.	Jonathan heard a deep rumbling sound in the ____.
_______________	14.	The burning of fossil fuels for ____ causes air pollution.

Please read this article and answer the questions that follow

Forces Around Us
By Cindy Grigg

¹ Look around you, and chances are you'll see things moving. Cars move. People move. Elevators move up and down in tall buildings. Shopping carts move around in supermarkets. Balls fly through the air when they are thrown. You might not think about why these things move. Cars, elevators, and balls don't just move by themselves. Something is making them move. Forces make things move.

Main Idea and Details Graphic Organizer
Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it them there from the reading above

² A force is a push or a pull. If you had a heavy box to move across your room, you might push it or pull it. The force would be working on the box in the same direction. It wouldn't matter to the box if you pushed it or pulled it. The amount of force needed to move the box would be the same. The direction of the force would also be the same.
³ When you push or pull a box, it is easy to see where the force is coming from. But it's harder to see forces at work when we think about a person or an animal moving. When you walk across the room, what force is making you move?

Please explain in your journal what a "force" is an a 2-3 sentence paragraph

⁴ When you take a step, your foot is pushing down on the floor. That push is the force that makes your body move. When your foot pushes down on the floor, the floor pushes back. If the floor didn't push back, your foot wouldn't stop pushing down. You wouldn't go anywhere. You might end up standing in a hole.
⁵ Have you ever tried to walk in deep snow? It's much harder to walk in snow than it is on solid ground. The snow is too soft; it can't push back as hard as the ground does.

Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it them there from the reading above

⁶ Forces always occur in pairs. A push in one direction means something is pulling in the other direction. When you push a box across the floor in your room, what other forces are pulling on it? One is friction. Rub your hands together very fast. Do you feel heat? That heat is coming from the friction between your two hands. Whenever two things are rubbing against each other, friction is the force that slows them down. Tiny bits of matter on both surfaces rub against each other. As one surface rubs in one direction, the other surface rubs in the other direction. The two opposite forces create friction. Friction slows down the motion of both surfaces. Friction also makes heat. Some of the energy of motion changes into the energy of heat.

Main Idea and Details Graphic Organizer

Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it them there from the reading above

⁸ Gravity is another force that pulls on the box when you push it across your room. You may already know that gravity is the force that pulls a ball to the ground when you throw it. Gravity is the force that pulls all things down toward the earth. If you jump up, gravity pulls you down. If you throw a ball, gravity pulls it to the ground. When you stand on a scale, the force of gravity is pushing down on you.

Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it them there from the reading above

⁹     As you push on the box, gravity is pulling on the box toward the ground. The two forces are not pushing and pulling in exactly opposite directions. Gravity is pulling straight down, and you are pushing sideways. The two forces are working against each other even though they are not directly opposite.
¹⁰     Why do cars have wheels? Have you ever thought about that? A wheel rolls much easier than a box would. There is less friction between a rolling wheel and the ground than there would be between a flat surface like a box and the ground. That's why wheels were invented-they make things easier to move.
¹¹     Forces can be applied in different directions. Forces can be large or small. The direction a force is applied is the direction in which the object will move. Gravity is probably the most important force on earth. Forces are all around us!
Copyright © 2011 edHelper

Explain in your journal what you think a BETTER title for the reading could be and why?

Please copy these questions into your journal and answer them there

_____________________________

Date ___________________

Forces Around Us

1.	What makes things move?

2.	A force is a ______. Push Pull Both A and B None of the above

3.	Forces always occur in ______.

4.	Complete this sentence: Whenever two things are rubbing against each other, friction ______.

5.	Where there is friction, there is ______. Fire Heat Noise Smoke

6.	What is the name of the force that pulls all things down toward the earth? Atomic force Gravity Friction Magnetic force

7.	Which of these would have less friction? A toy car with wheels rolling across the floor A rock being pushed across the sidewalk

8.	An object will move ______. Opposite the direction the force is applied In the direction the force is applied Both A and B

_____________________________

Date ___________________

Forces Around UsPlease summarize what you have learned about force in a 2-4 sentence paragraph in your journal

_____________________________

Date ___________________

Forces Around UsDescribe in your own words the force of friction in a 2-4 sentence paragraph in your journal

Please copy these questions into your journal and answer them there

Date ___________________

Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

Acceleration	Distance	Gravity	Speed
Equilibrium	Inertia	Energy	force

_______________	15.	___ _ pulls things down while gravity support force pushes things up.
_______________	16.	You must use ____ to move the heavy box.
_______________	17.	__ __ from the sun causes the ocean water to evaporate.
_______________	18.	The ____ on the moon is less it is on earth.
_______________	19.	Using the highway map, Miss Ranft can to find the ____ from New York City to Los Angeles.
_______________	20.	_ ___ is a property of matter.
_______________	21.	Radiation releases ____ from atoms that can be useful, and dangerous.
_______________	22.	Mrs. Jurries lost her ____ along with her hearing due to an ear infection
_______________	23.	Is the earth's ____ from other planets and galaxies measured in miles or light years?
_______________	24.	The car was driven at a rapid ____.(adj)
_______________	25.	Sport cars tend to have faster ____ than your compact sedan.
_______________	26.	Heat is a type of ____.
_______________	27.	The ecosystem took some time to return to its natural ____.
_______________	28.	In science class, we learned about centripetal ____.
_______________	29.	Solar and wind power are two sources of renewable ____.

Please copy this cloze activity into your journal and answer it there

Forces Around Us
By Cindy Grigg

straight	same	earth	amount
against	person	body	directions
direction	deep	than	whenever
foot	large	opposite	even

Directions: Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.

     Look around you, and chances are you'll see things moving. Cars move. People move. Elevators move up and down in tall buildings. Shopping carts move around in supermarkets. Balls fly through the air when they are thrown. You might not think about why these things move. Cars, elevators, and balls don't just move by themselves. Something is making them move. Forces make things move.
     A force is a push or a pull. If you had a heavy box to move across your room, you might push it or pull it. The force would be working on the box in the (1)  _______________________   direction. It wouldn't matter to the box if you pushed it or pulled it. The (2)  _______________________   of force needed to move the box would be the same. The direction of the force would also be the same.
     When you push or pull a box, it is easy to see where the force is coming from. But it's harder to see forces at work when we think about a(3)  _______________________   or an animal moving. When you walk across the room, what force is making you move?
     When you take a step, your foot is pushing down on the floor. That push is the force that makes your (4)  _______________________   move. When your(5)  _______________________   pushes down on the floor, the floor pushes back. If the floor didn't push back, your foot wouldn't stop pushing down. You wouldn't go anywhere. You might end up standing in a hole.
     Have you ever tried to walk in (6)  _______________________   snow? It's much harder to walk in snow than it is on solid ground. The snow is too soft; it can't push back as hard as the ground does.
     Forces always occur in pairs. A push in one direction means something is pulling in the other direction. When you push a box across the floor in your room, what other forces are pulling on it?
     One is friction. Rub your hands together very fast. Do you feel heat? That heat is coming from the friction between your two hands.(7)  _______________________   two things are rubbing against each other, friction is the force that slows them down. Tiny bits of matter on both surfaces rub against each other. As one surface rubs in one (8)  _______________________  , the other surface rubs in the other direction. The two opposite forces create friction. Friction slows down the motion of both surfaces. Friction also makes heat. Some of the energy of motion changes into the energy of heat.
     Gravity is another force that pulls on the box when you push it across your room. You may already know that gravity is the force that pulls a ball to the ground when you throw it. Gravity is the force that pulls all things down toward the earth. If you jump up, gravity pulls you down. If you throw a ball, gravity pulls it to the ground. When you stand on a scale, the force of gravity is pushing down on you.
     As you push on the box, gravity is pulling on the box toward the ground. The two forces are not pushing and pulling in exactly(9)  _______________________   (10)  _______________________  . Gravity is pulling (11)  _______________________   down, and you are pushing sideways. The two forces are working (12)  _______________________   each other (13)  _______________________   though they are not directly opposite.
     Why do cars have wheels? Have you ever thought about that? A wheel rolls much easier (14)  _______________________   a box would. There is less friction between a rolling wheel and the ground than there would be between a flat surface like a box and the ground. That's why wheels were invented-they make things easier to move.
     Forces can be applied in different directions. Forces can be (15)  _______________________   or small. The direction a force is applied is the direction in which the object will move. Gravity is probably the most important force on (16)  _______________________  . Forces are all around us!

Please copy these questions into your journal and answer them there

_____________________________

Date ___________________

Forces Around Us

1.	What makes things move?

2.	A force is a ______. Push Pull Both A and B None of the above

3.	Forces always occur in ______.

4.	Complete this sentence: Whenever two things are rubbing against each other, friction ______.

5.	Where there is friction, there is ______. Noise Fire Heat Smoke

6.	What is the name of the force that pulls all things down toward the earth? Magnetic force Atomic force Friction Gravity

7.	Which of these would have less friction? A toy car with wheels rolling across the floor A rock being pushed across the sidewalk

8.	An object will move ______. Opposite the direction the force is applied In the direction the force is applied Both A and B

Please copy these questions into your journal and answer them there

Date ___________________

Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

Displacement	Distance	Gravity	force
Acceleration	Inertia	Energy	Mass

_______________	30.	She was pigeon-toed and her feet hurt when she walked any ____.
_______________	31.	Being a long ____ runner, Jill won the race effortlessly.
_______________	32.	__ __ pulls things down while gravity support force pushes things up.
_______________	33.	The rocks caused ____ in the beaker of water.
_______________	34.	When his parents took him to his first Catholic ____, the stained glass windows in the cathedral awed him.
_______________	35.	A generator changes mechanical or heat ____ into electricity.
_______________	36.	The planets are held in place around the sun because of the sun's ____.
_______________	37.	The greater the ____ or speed, the greater the kinetic energy.
_______________	38.	The ____ of the explosion in the rocket's engine during the launch sent it into the air.
_______________	39.	The more ____ two objects have the greaterthe force of gravity is between them.
_______________	40.	An example of ____ is to run faster at the end of a race.
_______________	41.	With no ____ out in space, the astronauts will feel a type of emptiness while in the shuttle.
_______________	42.	Centrifugal force is the ____ of a body moving in a circle.
_______________	43.	Use the highway map, Matthew, to find the ____ from New York City to Los Angeles.

Please read this article and answer the questions that follow

Force and Motion
By Sharon Fabian

¹     Force and motion describe everyday things that are happening all the time. Hundreds of times every day, you use force and motion. Did you just pick up a pencil? -- force and motion. Did you turn a page? -- force and motion. Raise your hand? Kick the desk in front of you? Pack your backpack? All of these are examples of force and motion.
²     Out on the playground you can see even bigger and better examples of force and motion. Climbing, jumping, running, chasing, throwing, and sliding all use force and motion.
³     Force and motion are also parts of a complicated branch of science, called physics. Now that you know what force and motion are, the next thing that you should know are some definitions.
⁴     The scientific definition of force is a push or a pull. When you throw a baseball, you are pushing it through the air. When you pick up a baseball bat you are pulling it up from the ground. When you hit the ball, you use both pushing and pulling motions.
⁵     Motion is another word with a scientific meaning. Motion means moving something from one place to another. When you used force to swing the bat and hit the baseball, they both moved from one place to another. That's what motion is. In fact, the word motion is a form of the word move.
⁶     Let's stick with our baseball example for a little bit longer. Some kids can hit a baseball harder than others can. You could say that their baseball travels at a faster rate.Speed is a scientific term that means the rate of motion, or how fast something travels.
⁷     OK, enough about baseball. Now think about rocks. Why can you throw a little pebble farther than you can throw a huge boulder? The boulder is heavier; it has more weight.
⁸     The Earth's gravity causes everything on Earth to have weight. Gravity is a force that pulls everything toward the center of the Earth. Gravity is holding both the pebble and the boulder down, at the same time that you are trying to throw them. Gravity is a force acting against your force. Gravity's force is stronger on heavier objects. That's why it is not too hard to throw the pebble, but very hard to throw the boulder. Weight is the measure of gravity's force. Since gravity is holding the boulder with more force than the pebble, the boulder has more weight.
⁹     Force, motion, speed, gravity, and weight -- everyday words with special meanings in the science called physics.
Copyright © 2011 edHelper

Please copy these questions into your journal and answer them there

_____________________________

Date ___________________

Force and Motion

1.	Force and motion are parts of a branch of science called Earth science Geology Physics Biology

2.	________ is the measure of gravity's force. Gravity Speed Force Weight

3.	________ is the force that pulls everything toward the center of the earth. Speed Force Gravity Weight

4.	________ means rate of motion, or how fast something is moving. Speed Gravity Weight Force

5.	Climbing a hill is an example of force and motion. True False

6.	Throwing a Frisbee is an example of force and motion. True False

7.	Ice-skating is another example of force and motion. True False

8.	List four more examples of force and motion that are not mentioned in this article.

Please explain in your journal what force is .

Please explain in your journal what motion is .

Please explain in your journal what speed is .

Please explain in your journal what gravity is .

Please explain in your journal what weight is .

Explain in your journal what you think a BETTER title for the reading could be and why?

Please copy these questions into your journal and answer them there

Date ___________________

Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

Distance	Energy	force
Gravity	Speed	Mass

_______________	44.	John was so lazy he rarely mustered enough ____ to walk more than five steps at a time!
_______________	45.	Although the horse had been bred for ____, he failed to place in any of his races.
_______________	46.	The sky was alight with a red glow as the fire raged in the ____.
_______________	47.	They're going to overtake us if we don't ____ up.
_______________	48.	The skyline is easily discernible even at a ____ of several miles.
_______________	49.	Heat ____ can be produced by rubbing your hands together.
_______________	50.	There is less ____ between Johnathan and I than between Elisabeth and I.
_______________	51.	My ____ is equal to the distance I traveled divided by the time it took me to go that far.
_______________	52.	Density is the amount of ____ in a given space.
_______________	53.	The more mass two objects have the greaterthe ____ of gravity is between them.
_______________	54.	__ __ is the force that holds us on the ground.
_______________	55.	186,000 miles per second, 300,000 kilometers per second, the ____ that light travels in a vacuum is called light speed.
_______________	56.	That ____ of stone became a meteor when it entered our atmosphere.
_______________	57.	The more weight you increase causes the ____ to increase also.

Please copy this cloze activity into your journal and answer it there

Force and Motion
By Sharon Fabian

move	even	moving	measure
meaning	describe	term	words
raise	word	force	through
meanings	everyday	moved	another
center	faster	scientific

Directions:  Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.

     Force and motion (1)  _______________________   everyday things that are happening all the time. Hundreds of times every day, you use force and motion. Did you just pick up a pencil? -- force and motion. Did you turn a page? -- (2)  _______________________   and motion. (3)  _______________________   your hand? Kick the desk in front of you? Pack your backpack? All of these are examples of force and motion.
     Out on the playground you can see (4)  _______________________   bigger and better examples of force and motion. Climbing, jumping, running, chasing, throwing, and sliding all use force and motion.
     Force and motion are also parts of a complicated branch of science, called physics. Now that you know what force and motion are, the next thing that you should know are some definitions.
     The scientific definition of force is a push or a pull. When you throw a baseball, you are pushing it (5)  _______________________   the air. When you pick up a baseball bat you are pulling it up from the ground. When you hit the ball, you use both pushing and pulling motions.
     Motion is another word with a (6)  _______________________   (7)  _______________________  . Motion means (8)  _______________________   something from one place to(9)  _______________________  . When you used force to swing the bat and hit the baseball, they both (10)  _______________________   from one place to another. That's what motion is. In fact, the (11)  _______________________   motion is a form of the word (12)  _______________________  .
     Let's stick with our baseball example for a little bit longer. Some kids can hit a baseball harder than others can. You could say that their baseball travels at a (13)  _______________________   rate. Speed is a scientific (14)  _______________________   that means the rate of motion, or how fast something travels.
     OK, enough about baseball. Now think about rocks. Why can you throw a little pebble farther than you can throw a huge boulder? The boulder is heavier; it has more weight.
     The Earth's gravity causes everything on Earth to have weight. Gravity is a force that pulls everything toward the (15)  _______________________   of the Earth. Gravity is holding both the pebble and the boulder down, at the same time that you are trying to throw them. Gravity is a force acting against your force. Gravity's force is stronger on heavier objects. That's why it is not too hard to throw the pebble, but very hard to throw the boulder. Weight is the (16)  _______________________   of gravity's force. Since gravity is holding the boulder with more force than the pebble, the boulder has more weight.
     Force, motion, speed, gravity, and weight -- (17)  _______________________   (18)  _______________________   with special (19)  _______________________   in the science called physics.

Please read this article and answer the questions that follow

Newton's Three Laws of Motion
By Sharon Fabian

¹ Isaac Newton was born in 1643. His family was wealthy, so in some ways he had advantages over other kids his age, but in other ways he was disadvantaged. Isaac's father had died before Isaac was born, and he was raised by his grandmother and other relatives. At first he probably was not encouraged to learn much in school. He didn't pay attention in school, and was described as lazy. It was only after an uncle encouraged him to prepare to go on to college that he began to take an interest in school and to develop his talents. One of the skills he developed while still in school was making model machines, including clocks and windmills. In college he began studying the latest theories in math. Soon he was coming up with theories of his own, and today Sir Isaac Newton is well known for his three laws of motion as well as for other scientific breakthroughs.

Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it them there from the reading above

Please copy these questions into your journal and answer them there

Date ___________________

Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

Acceleration	Distance	Energy	force
Friction	Inertia	Speed	Mass

_______________	58.	Comparing the lines of ____ showed us which magnet was stronger.
_______________	59.	Oil is used to reduce ____ between metals parts in a car.
_______________	60.	Temperature is actually a measure of how much heat ____ there is.
_______________	61.	_ ___ is conserved according to the las of conservation of mass.
_______________	62.	Force can be increased by increasing mass and or ____.
_______________	63.	Ellen saw lights in the ____.
_______________	64.	We asked neighbors to sign Mr. Smith's petition to get ____ bumps on his street.
_______________	65.	He used brute ____ to open the window when it was stuck.
_______________	66.	When you rub your hands together it creates ____ and friction creates heat.
_______________	67.	Volcanoes produce geothermal ____.
_______________	68.	Because of its ____, the elephant was difficult to move.
_______________	69.	Heat and ____ can force some electrons to leave one atom and move to another.
_______________	70.	When the volleyball player hit the ball, the ____ caused it to go in the opposite direction.
_______________	71.	_ ___ between the two pieces of metal caused them to grow very hot.
_______________	72.	Skiing down hill at great ____ is so much fun.

²     Here are Sir Isaac Newton's three laws of motion.
³     Law 1 - An object moving in a straight line will continue moving in a straight line, unless acted on by an outside force. Also, an object at rest will stay at rest. The word for this is inertia.
⁴     Law 2 - Force will cause a change in the motion of an object. The change in motion depends on the amount of force and the mass of the object. There is a formula for this F=ma (force equals mass times acceleration).
⁵     Law 3 - For each action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it them there from the reading above

⁶ These three laws will make more sense, and be a lot more interesting, if you do some experiments to demonstrate each law. Maybe Sir Isaac did some similar experiments when he was testing out his theories.

⁷ To demonstrate the first law, you might want to try the old trick of pulling the tablecloth out from under the dishes on the table. If you do it just right, you will remove the table cloth without causing the dishes to crash to the floor. Then again, maybe you wouldn't want to try that one, even though Newton's first law says that objects at rest, like the dishes, will stay at rest.
⁸ Another way to demonstrate inertia is to show what can happen when you don't wear your seat belt. A safe way to demonstrate this is with a small toy truck, a clay figure, a ramp, and a brick. Place the little clay figure in the toy truck. Place the brick just a short distance past the end of the ramp. The toy truck can roll down the ramp until it hits the brick. When it hits the brick, the truck will stop suddenly, but the clay figure will keep moving forward and fly out of the truck because of inertia.

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⁹ For the second law, there are many demonstrations that you can do. Anything that involves using a force to move an object would demonstrate Newton's second law. You might want to try an experiment in which you change the amount of force that you use, or change the mass of the objects that you try to move. For example, you could set up a little seesaw, made from a ruler balanced on a pencil. Try objects of different weights at the one end, and drop something on the other end to see which object moves the farthest. Or, try dropping the objects from different heights.

Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it them there from the reading above
¹⁰ The third law is fun to demonstrate. One way is with a basketball and roller skates. Two kids, each wearing roller skates, stand facing each other and throw a basketball back and forth. As each kid pushes the basketball forward, he will roll backwards on his skates. That is the equal and opposite reaction described in the third law. You can also build a balloon racer to demonstrate the third law. Tie a string between two chairs, pretty far apart. Put an empty pen case or a section of a straw on the string so that it can slide along the string. Now blow up a balloon but don't tie it. Carefully tape the balloon to the pen case or straw, then let go. The action of the air shooting out of the balloon causes a reaction of the balloon racing across the string towards the opposite end.

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¹¹ If you don't feel like doing experiments, you can always observe Newton's laws of motion in another location, an amusement park. Roller coasters, merry-go-rounds, and bumper cars all follow Newton's three laws of motion, and are part of the science of force and motion.
Copyright © 2011 edHelper

Explain in your journal what you think a BETTER title for the reading could be and why?

Please copy these questions into your journal and answer them there

Date ___________________

Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

Acceleration	Inertia	Energy	force
Friction	Gravity	Speed	Mass

_______________	73.	_ ___ is conserved according to the las of conservation of mass.
_______________	74.	When Charles gets home from school and plops down on the couch, he does not have much ____ to get up and do the list his mother left for him.
_______________	75.	The tide rises and falls because of the pull of the moon's ____.
_______________	76.	_ ___ divided by volume equals density.
_______________	77.	This flow of ____ is an energy chain.
_______________	78.	_ ___ prevents sneakers from slipping on a gym floor.
_______________	79.	The ____ of the wind made me fall back.
_______________	80.	Will the ____ of gravity pull the comet to Earth?
_______________	81.	_ ___ keeps the dishes on the table when I pull the table cloth off.
_______________	82.	Weightlessness in space is caused by the lack of ____.
_______________	83.	We asked neighbors to sign Mrs. Leftwich's petition to get ____ bumps on her street.
_______________	84.	When the fire alarm rang, the visitors lingered in the hall because they did not realize the ____ of the situation.
_______________	85.	Solar ____ can be converted to electricity on both small and large scale.
_______________	86.	The jet was unable to take off because it failed to reach proper ____.

Copy these questions into your journal and answer them there

_____________________________

Date ___________________

Newton's Three Laws of Motion

1.	Sir Isaac Newton's only discovery was the three laws of motion. True False

2.	According to the first law, an object that is sitting still will stay that way. True False

3.	The formula F=ma means "force equals motion times acceleration." True False

4.	The third law says that some actions will produce an equal and opposite reaction. True False

5.	Sir Isaac Newton probably never conducted any experiments. True False

6.	One word that sums up the first law is Force Inertia Acceleration Motion

7.	Bumper cars are an example of Newton's third law. Explain.

8.	A roller coaster is a good example of more than one of Newton's laws of motion. Explain.

Copy this cloze assignment below into your journal and answer them there

Newton's Three Laws of Motion
By Sharon Fabian

developed	math	ruler	formula
location	causes	motion	testing
prepare	section	cause	wealthy
inertia	which	develop	born
case	causing

Directions:  Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.

     Isaac Newton was born in 1643. His family was (1)  _______________________  , so in some ways he had advantages over other kids his age, but in other ways he was disadvantaged. Isaac's father had died before Isaac was (2)  _______________________  , and he was raised by his grandmother and other relatives. At first he probably was not encouraged to learn much in school. He didn't pay attention in school, and was described as lazy. It was only after an uncle encouraged him to (3)  _______________________   to go on to college that he began to take an interest in school and to (4)  _______________________   his talents. One of the skills he (5)  _______________________   while still in school was making model machines, including clocks and windmills. In college he began studying the latest theories in (6)  _______________________  . Soon he was coming up with theories of his own, and today Sir Isaac Newton is well known for his three laws of motion as well as for other scientific breakthroughs.
     Here are Sir Isaac Newton's three laws of motion.
     Law 1 - An object moving in a straight line will continue moving in a straight line, unless acted on by an outside force. Also, an object at rest will stay at rest. The word for this is inertia.
     Law 2 - Force will (7)  _______________________   a change in the motion of an object. The change in motion depends on the amount of force and the mass of the object. There is a(8)  _______________________   for this F=ma (force equals mass times acceleration).
     Law 3 - For each action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
     These three laws will make more sense, and be a lot more interesting, if you do some experiments to demonstrate each law. Maybe Sir Isaac did some similar experiments when he was(9)  _______________________   out his theories.
     To demonstrate the first law, you might want to try the old trick of pulling the tablecloth out from under the dishes on the table. If you do it just right, you will remove the table cloth without(10)  _______________________   the dishes to crash to the floor. Then again, maybe you wouldn't want to try that one, even though Newton's first law says that objects at rest, like the dishes, will stay at rest.
     Another way to demonstrate (11)  _______________________   is to show what can happen when you don't wear your seat belt. A safe way to demonstrate this is with a small toy truck, a clay figure, a ramp, and a brick. Place the little clay figure in the toy truck. Place the brick just a short distance past the end of the ramp. The toy truck can roll down the ramp until it hits the brick. When it hits the brick, the truck will stop suddenly, but the clay figure will keep moving forward and fly out of the truck because of inertia.
     For the second law, there are many demonstrations that you can do. Anything that involves using a force to move an object would demonstrate Newton's second law. You might want to try an experiment in which you change the amount of force that you use, or change the mass of the objects that you try to move. For example, you could set up a little seesaw, made from a(12)  _______________________   balanced on a pencil. Try objects of different weights at the one end, and drop something on the other end to see (13)  _______________________   object moves the farthest. Or, try dropping the objects from different heights.
     The third law is fun to demonstrate. One way is with a basketball and roller skates. Two kids, each wearing roller skates, stand facing each other and throw a basketball back and forth. As each kid pushes the basketball forward, he will roll backwards on his skates. That is the equal and opposite reaction described in the third law. You can also build a balloon racer to demonstrate the third law. Tie a string between two chairs, pretty far apart. Put an empty pen (14)  _______________________   or a (15)  _______________________   of a straw on the string so that it can slide along the string. Now blow up a balloon but don't tie it. Carefully tape the balloon to the pen case or straw, then let go. The action of the air shooting out of the balloon(16)  _______________________   a reaction of the balloon racing across the string towards the opposite end.
     If you don't feel like doing experiments, you can always observe Newton's laws of motion in another (17)  _______________________  , an amusement park. Roller coasters, merry-go-rounds, and bumper cars all follow Newton's three laws of (18)  _______________________  , and are part of the science of force and motion.

Please copy these questions into your journal and answer them there

Date ___________________

Complete each sentence using the words in the word list.

Displacement	Friction	Inertia	force
Acceleration	Distance	Speed	Mass

_______________	87.	Many rocks cause ____ in lakes and oceans.
_______________	88.	The ____ of the magnet allowed us to pick up metal objects.
_______________	89.	You have ____ when your body resists change.
_______________	90.	We gazed at the craggy mountaintop in the ____.
_______________	91.	New ____ limits are not always easily enforceable.
_______________	92.	Three types of ____ are rolling, sliding, and fluid (air).
_______________	93.	Weight is different from mass in that mass does not involve gravitational ____.
_______________	94.	A cannon ball has more ____ than a beach ball.
_______________	95.	The drivers were oblivious of the ____ limit as they rushed to the hospital.
_______________	96.	The invention of the computer caused an ____ of changes in our world.
_______________	97.	We studied the ____ of celestial objects orbiting the sun.
_______________	98.	The ____ of the wind was breathtaking.
_______________	99.	Joe will change the ____ of his car by using the brakes.

_____________________________

Date ___________________
(

Please write a sentence using each word in your journal.

inertia

example

math

formula

seesaw

testing

interest

wealthy

formula

Please read this article and answer the questions that follow

It's Dynamic! Force and Energy
By Trista L. Pollard

¹ According to Sir Isaac Newton, bodies at rest will remain at rest, and bodies in motion will remain in motion. However, in the science of dynamics,force and energy are important factors that can affect the motion of bodies. Force is the push or pull of an object that tends to produce acceleration of the body's motion in the direction of the force. Force also changes the size and shape of a body. There are four basic forces in nature. However, in relation to machines and vehicles, we will only talk about the forces related to gravity and motion. Gravity is the force of attraction between any two objects. This force depends on the mass or weight of each object and their distance from each other. Gravitational force is always attractive; however, over increasing distances, the force decreases, but it is still measurable. Gravity is the force that keeps all beings and objects on earth. If we traveled into space, we would experience an environment that has zero gravitational pull. Another concept related to gravity is free fall. Free fall occurs when objects fall downward toward earth due to earth's gravitational pull. If two different objects with different masses were in a free fall from the same height, they would have the same acceleration regardless of their masses. I wonder if a free falling feather and a bowling ball would reach the ground at the same time. I don't recommend trying this experiment; I was just wondering.

Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it them there from the reading above

² Momentum is the force or speed of movement. This occurs when force is applied to an already moving object. Once the force is applied, the object's momentum may increase or decrease. When force is not applied to a moving body, its momentum will not change. Think about water flowing down a steep hill. As the water flows down the hill, it gains momentum to the point where its velocity or speed will increase. When your little brother goes running across the grass and tries to run up the hill to the playground, you will notice his momentum decrease as the hill becomes steeper. As he runs toward the top, his velocity will decrease, and he will probably be tired once he gets to the playground.

Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it them there from the reading above

³ There are other forces that affect the movement of objects. Friction is a force that resists the movement between two objects that are touching. Increasing the friction on a moving object will decrease the object's velocity. An example would be when you go "skating" in your socks on your kitchen floor. Since there is very little friction, you should move rather quickly. However, as soon as you try to continue your sock skating on the rug, you will notice that your motion almost comes to a halt. The friction between your socks and the rug is greater than the friction was between your socks and the smooth kitchen floor. Therefore, your motion has decreased. Tension is another type of force that involves objects like springs. Tension is the force that is exerted or produced by a stretched object. The tighter the object is pulled, the greater the tension. Sometimes the tension becomes too great causing the object to break. Springs, due to their design, are able to withstand huge amounts of tension. It is for this reason they are used as parts of machines and other objects. Now that we have talked about force, we will talk about energy.

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⁴ Energy is the ability of an object or being to do work or to make something happen. The following are different forms of energy: heat, light, sound, electrical, chemical, and mechanical. When it comes to motion, two forms of energy are very important. Potential energy is the stored energy in an object that when released can change into another form of energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, and it depends on the mass of the object and the object's speed or velocity. Imagine the basketball you left at the top of the stairs in your house. Although that basketball is at rest, it has potential energy. This means that it has the potential to move. Now if a force (your sister's foot) happens to push the ball (that's right, she kicked it down the stairs), the basketball potential energy has turned into kinetic energy. The basketball's energy of position has changed to energy of motion. When the basketball meets a force that will cause it to rest, its energy of motion will change back into energy of position.

Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it them there from the reading above

⁵ Another example of changes between potential and kinetic energy is a playground swing. As you sit on the swing, flying back and forth in the air, you probably noticed that as you swung higher, your motion became faster. When your body flies upward, the swing's kinetic energy is continuously being changed to potential energy. This is why you may appear to slow down as you reach the top of your swing. The higher you go, the greater the potential energy. As you make your way downward, the increased potential energy will convert to an increased amount of kinetic energy. The whole process begins again, until you get tired of swinging.

Please copy this graphic organizer into your journal and complete it them there from the reading above

⁶ Although energy can be converted from one form to another, it can not be created or destroyed. This principle is the Law of Conservation of Energy . Simply put, if an object is not affected by an outside force, then the energy within that object remains constant. The laws of motion and the principles of force and energy are important to keep in mind when we begin to study how machines and vehicles move in our world. As we journey through the unit of transportation these laws and principles will reemerge like road signs on an endless highway.

Explain in your journal what you think a BETTER title for the reading could be and why?

_____________________________

Date ___________________

It's Dynamic! Force and Energy

1.	Gravity is ____. The energy of two objects as they move The weight of two objects when they are weighed together The force of attraction between two masses The force of repulsion between two masses

2.	Force only changes the motion of an object or body. False True

3.	The force or speed of movement is called ____. Momentum Energy Friction Velocity

4.	Compare and contrast potential energy with kinetic energy.

5.	Tension is the force that is ____. Produced by friction between two objects Produced by the energy of two objects Produced by the gravitational pull of two objects Produced by a stretched object

6.	Explain the Law of Conservation of Energy.

7.	Explain the relationship between free fall and gravity.

8.	Skating in your socks across your living room rug would produce less friction than skating across your kitchen floor in your socks. False True

_____________________________

Date ___________________

It's Dynamic! Force and EnergyImagine You are a playground swing. Write a poem, story or rap in your journal that explains how you experience potential and kinetic energy.

_____________________________

Date ___________________

It's Dynamic! Force and EnergyCreate: Think about examples of friction that you see in your daily life. Write a poem tory or rap in your journalthat describes friction. Try to be creative in your descriptions.

Copy this cloze assignment below into your journal and answer them there

It's Dynamic! Force and Energy
By Trista L. Pollard

withstand	acceleration	masses	convert
affected	increasing	traveled	upward
produce	increased	reemerge	electrical
produced	dynamics	converted	mass
gravity	increase	decreases	decrease
however	decreased

Directions: Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the reading comprehension.

     According to Sir Isaac Newton, bodies at rest will remain at rest, and bodies in motion will remain in motion. However, in the science of(1)  _______________________  , force and energy are important factors that can affect the motion of bodies. Force is the push or pull of an object that tends to(2)  _______________________   acceleration of the body's motion in the direction of the force. Force also changes the size and shape of a body. There are four basic forces in nature. (3)  _______________________  , in relation to machines and vehicles, we will only talk about the forces related to gravity and motion.(4)  _______________________   is the force of attraction between any two objects. This force depends on the (5)  _______________________   or weight of each object and their distance from each other. Gravitational force is always attractive; however, over (6)  _______________________   distances, the force(7)  _______________________  , but it is still measurable. Gravity is the force that keeps all beings and objects on earth. If we (8)  _______________________   into space, we would experience an environment that has zero gravitational pull. Another concept related to gravity is free fall. Free fall occurs when objects fall downward toward earth due to earth's gravitational pull. If two different objects with different masses were in a free fall from the same height, they would have the same (9)  _______________________   regardless of their(10)  _______________________  . I wonder if a free falling feather and a bowling ball would reach the ground at the same time. I don't recommend trying this experiment; I was just wondering.
     Momentum is the force or speed of movement. This occurs when force is applied to an already moving object. Once the force is applied, the object's momentum may(11)  _______________________   or decrease. When force is not applied to a moving body, its momentum will not change. Think about water flowing down a steep hill. As the water flows down the hill, it gains momentum to the point where its velocity or speed will increase. When your little brother goes running across the grass and tries to run up the hill to the playground, you will notice his momentum decrease as the hill becomes steeper. As he runs toward the top, his velocity will (12)  _______________________  , and he will probably be tired once he gets to the playground.
     There are other forces that affect the movement of objects. Friction is a force that resists the movement between two objects that are touching. Increasing the friction on a moving object will decrease the object's velocity. An example would be when you go "skating" in your socks on your kitchen floor. Since there is very little friction, you should move rather quickly. However, as soon as you try to continue your sock skating on the rug, you will notice that your motion almost comes to a halt. The friction between your socks and the rug is greater than the friction was between your socks and the smooth kitchen floor. Therefore, your motion has (13)  _______________________  . Tension is another type of force that involves objects like springs. Tension is the force that is exerted or (14)  _______________________   by a stretched object. The tighter the object is pulled, the greater the tension. Sometimes the tension becomes too great causing the object to break. Springs, due to their design, are able to (15)  _______________________   huge amounts of tension. It is for this reason they are used as parts of machines and other objects. Now that we have talked about force, we will talk about energy.
     Energy is the ability of an object or being to do work or to make something happen. The following are different forms of energy: heat, light, sound, (16)  _______________________  , chemical, and mechanical. When it comes to motion, two forms of energy are very important. Potential energy is the stored energy in an object that when released can change into another form of energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, and it depends on the mass of the object and the object's speed or velocity. Imagine the basketball you left at the top of the stairs in your house. Although that basketball is at rest, it has potential energy. This means that it has the potential to move. Now if a force (your sister's foot) happens to push the ball (that's right, she kicked it down the stairs), the basketball potential energy has turned into kinetic energy. The basketball's energy of position has changed to energy of motion. When the basketball meets a force that will cause it to rest, its energy of motion will change back into energy of position.
     Another example of changes between potential and kinetic energy is a playground swing. As you sit on the swing, flying back and forth in the air, you probably noticed that as you swung higher, your motion became faster. When your body flies (17)  _______________________  , the swing's kinetic energy is continuously being changed to potential energy. This is why you may appear to slow down as you reach the top of your swing. The higher you go, the greater the potential energy. As you make your way downward, the (18)  _______________________   potential energy will (19)  _______________________   to an increased amount of kinetic energy. The whole process begins again, until you get tired of swinging.
     Although energy can be (20)  _______________________   from one form to another, it can not be created or destroyed. This principle is the Law of Conservation of Energy . Simply put, if an object is not (21)  _______________________   by an outside force, then the energy within that object remains constant. The laws of motion and the principles of force and energy are important to keep in mind when we begin to study how machines and vehicles move in our world. As we journey through the unit of transportation these laws and principles will(22)  _______________________   like road signs on an endless highway.

_____________________________

Date ___________________

POST TEST - Please copy into your journal and answer these questions there.